Transcript Chapter 9 The High Middle Ages 1050-1450

CHAPTER 9
THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES
1050-1450
Pg. 206-229
CHAPTER 9 THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES
• Section 1 – Growth of Royal Power in England and France (pg. 206211)
• Objectives
• Explain how monarchs gained power over the nobles and the
Church
• Summarize the traditions of government that developed under King
John and later English monarchs
• Describe how strong monarchs succeeded in unifying France
MONARCHS, NOBLES, AND THE CHURCH
• During the Middle Ages, monarchs struggled to
exert royal authority over nobles and churchmen
• Monarchs were the head of society, but had
limited power
• Nobles and the Church had their own courts,
collected their own taxes, and fielded their
own armies
• Monarchs attempted to centralized power
• Set up a system of royal justice
• Developed a system of taxes
• Built a standing army
• Strengthened ties with the middle class
Kings and Queens of England - The Normans
STRONG MONARCHS IN ENGLAND
• In 1066, the Anglo-Saxon king died
without an heir.
• At the Battle of Hastings, Duke
William of Normandy (with the
support of the pope) fought the
brother-in-law of the previous king,
Harold (who was backed by the
nobles)
• William defeated Harold and
assumed the English throne as
William the Conqueror
STRONG MONARCHS IN ENGLAND
• William held firm control over his new
lands
• Granted fiefs to the Church and
Norman lords
• Vassals had to swear allegiance to
him, rather than a feudal lord
• William’s successors continued to
increase royal authority
• Created the royal exchequer, or
treasury, to collect taxes
A UNIFIED LEGAL SYSTEM
• In 1154, King Henry II inherited the throne
• He expanded the system of royal justice and developed
new laws
• Developed the foundation of English common law, a
legal system based on custom and court rulings
• These laws applied to all of England
• Henry II also developed an early jury system
• Local officials collected a jury, or group of men
sworn to speak the truth
• Henry claimed the right to try clergy in royal courts
• A dispute between Henry and Thomas Becket, the
Archbishop of Canterbury, led to the murder of the
archbishop in 1170
EVOLVING TRADITIONS OF ENGLISH
GOVERNMENT
• After Henry, later English rulers clashed with nobles
and the Church
• Henry’s son, King John, had three powerful enemies
• King Philip II of France
• Pope Innocent III
• The English nobles
• John lost a war with Philip II and had to give up the
English-held lands in France
• John disagreed with the pope and was
excommunicated from the Church
• The pope also forbade Church services in all of
John’s kingdom
EVOLVING TRADITIONS OF ENGLISH
GOVERNMENT
• John angered his nobles with high taxes.
• In 1215 a group of nobles forced John to sign the Magna
Carta, or Great Charter, which gave rights and power back
to the nobles, the people of England, and the Church
• Protected every freeman from arbitrary arrest and
imprisonment
• The king could not raise taxes without consulting a
council of lords and clergy
• The Magna Carta contained two very important ideas that
would shape government traditions in England:
• Nobles and English citizens had certain rights that could
not be taken away
• The monarch must obey the law
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF PARLIAMENT
• The English Great Council of nobles and clergy developed into Parliament, which helped unify
England
• In 1295, Edward I summoned Parliament to approve money for his wars with France
• This Parliament had representatives of the
“common people” as well as the lords and
clergy
• This assembly became known as the Model
Parliament, because it set up the framework
of England’s legislature
• Parliament gained “power of the purse”
• Had to approve any new taxes and controlled
monies for war
• Checked, or limited, the power of the monarch
SUCCESSFUL MONARCHS IN FRANCE
• Unlike in England, the monarchs of France did not rule
over a unified kingdom
• In 987, feudal nobles elected Hugh Capet as the monarch
who, with his heirs, slowly increased royal power
• Made the throne hereditary
• Added to their lands
• Won the support of the Church
• Built an effective bureaucracy
• Government officials collected taxes and imposed
royal law
• Gained support of the middle class
SUCCESSFUL MONARCHS IN FRANCE
• King Philip II, or Philip Augustus, strengthened
royal government
• appointed paid, middle class officials to
government positions instead of nobles
• Organized a standing army
• Introduced a new national tax
• Quadrupled royal land holdings
• Became the most powerful ruler in Europe
SUCCESSFUL MONARCHS IN FRANCE
• Louis IX took the French throne in 1226
• Pursued religious goals
• Persecuted heretics and Jews
• Led two wars against Muslims
• Improved royal government
• Expanded royal courts
• Outlawed private wars
• Ended serfdom
• Created a strong national feeling among his
subjects
SUCCESSFUL MONARCHS IN FRANCE
• Philip IV tried to collect taxes from the
clergy and entered a dispute with Pope
Boniface VIII
• Philip rallied French support by setting
up the Estates General in 1302
• Had representatives from all three
estates, or classes:
• Clergy
• Nobles
• Townspeople
SECTION 1
ASSESSMENT
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CHAPTER 9 THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES
• Section 2 – The Holy Roman Empire and the Church (pg. 212214)
• Objectives
• Explain why Holy Roman emperors failed to unify Germany
• Describe how power struggles affected Italy’s rulers
• Identify the powers the Church had at its height
THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
• After Charlemagne’s empire was destroyed, Otto I of Saxony took
the title of King of Germany in 936.
• Worked closely with the Church
• Appointed bishops to top government jobs
• Otto’s successors took the title Holy Roman Emperor
• “Holy” because they were crowned by the pope
• “Roman” because they saw themselves as heirs to the
emperors of ancient Rome
• German emperors challenged nobles and Church officials for
power
• Holy Roman Emperors decided who would become bishops
within their realm
• Clashes with popes
CONFLICTS BETWEEN POPES AND
EMPERORS
• Pope Gregory VII was determined to make the
Church independent of secular rulers.
• Banned the practice of lay investiture, in which
the emperor appointed bishops
• Gregory said that only the pope has the right to
appoint bishops
• Years of struggle followed until 1122 when a treaty
was written called the Concordat of Worms
• Agreement that the Church had the sole power to
elect and appoint bishops with spiritual authority
• The emperor had the right to give bishops fiefs
THE HEIGHT OF CHURCH POWER
• Pope Innocent III claimed supremacy over all other
rulers and clashed with powerful rulers.
• Excommunicated many rulers
• Launched a crusade, or holy war, in France
CHAPTER 9 THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES
• Section 3 – Europeans Look Outward (pg. 215-219)
• Objectives
• Identify the advanced civilizations of 1050
• Analyze the causes and effects of the Crusades
• Summarize the Christian Reconquista in Spain
THE WORLD IN 1050
• Western Europe was emerging from isolation
• The Islamic civilization stretched from Spain to India
• Muslim traders and scholars spread goods and ideas
into Africa and Asia
• India thrived along with the Hindu and Buddhist
traditions
• China had a strong central government under powerful
family dynasties
• The Byzantine Empire was prosperous and unified
• Invaded by Seljuk Turks who practiced Islam
• Seljuk empire expanded into Asia, Palestine and
eventually into Christian lands
THE CRUSADES
• The Byzantine emperor asked Pope Urban II for
Christian knights to help him fight the Turks.
• At the Council of Clermont in 1095, Urban
called for a crusade to free the Holy Land
• By 1096, thousands of knight volunteered to fight
hoping to win wealth and land
• Ordinary men and women also volunteered
motivated by religious zeal
• Some crusaders sought to escape troubles at
home
• 200 years of on-and-off fighting
THE CRUSADES
• First Crusade
• Christian knights captured
Jerusalem in 1099
• Massacred Muslims and Jews from
Jerusalem
• Crusaders divided their captured land
into 4 small states
• Muslims sought to destroy these
Christian kingdoms
• By 1187, Jerusalem fell to the Muslim
leader, Saladin
THE CRUSADES
• Third Crusade
• Europeans failed to retake Jerusalem
• After negotiations, Saladin agreed to
reopen the Holy City to Christian pilgrims
• Crusaders captured and looted
Constantinople, the Byzantine capital, in
1204
• By 1291, the Muslims had captured all
Christian lands and massacred their
enemies
EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES
• The Crusades left a bitter legacy of
religious hatred between
Christians and Muslims
• The Crusades increased trade
• Crusaders introduced fabrics,
spices, and perfumes, from the
Middle East to Europe
• The Crusades encouraged further
growth of a money economy
• Nobles needed money to pay
for a journey to the Holy Land
EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES
• The Crusades increased the power of
feudal monarchs
• Rulers won rights to levy, or collect,
taxes in order to support the
Crusades
• Enthusiasm for the Crusades brought
papal power to its greatest height
• Europeans became interested in areas
outside of Europe (ex. India and China)
THE CRUSADES
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THE RECONQUISTA IN SPAIN
• The crusading spirit continued in
Spain where Christians had been
battling Muslims for centuries.
• The Christian campaign to drive the
Muslims from Spain became known as
the Reconquista, or “reconquest”.
• By 1300, Christians controlled the
entire Iberian Peninsula, except
Granada
THE RECONQUISTA IN SPAIN
• In 1469, Isabella of Castille married Ferdinand of Aragon
• Final push to capture Granada in 1492
• Tried to impose unity on their diverse peoples (religious and political)
• Ferdinand and Isabella ended the policy of religious toleration, or allowing
people to worship as they chose
• With the support of the
Inquisition, a Church court set up
to try people accused of heresy,
Isabella launched a crusade
against Jews and Muslims
• More than 150,000 people fled
Spain
SECTION 3
ASSESSMENT
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CHAPTER 9 THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES
• Section 4 – Learning, Literature, and the Arts (pg. 220-224)
• Objectives
• Describe how Medieval universities advanced learning
• Explain how “new” learning affected Medieval thought
• Identify the styles of literature, architecture, and art that
developed in the High Middle Ages
MEDIEVAL UNIVERSITIES
• As economic and political conditions
improved, the need for education
expanded.
• The Church wanted better educated
clergy
• Sons of townspeople could get
Church or government jobs
• By the 1100s, the first universities were
developed to train the clergy
• Organized like guilds to protect the
rights of members and set standards
for training
MEDIEVAL UNIVERSITIES
• Women were not allowed to attend the universities
• Many studied the ancient writings of Greece and Rome – many “new” ideas
• New studies of science, math, geometry, and medicine
MEDIEVAL LITERATURE
• Latin was the language of scholars and
Churchmen
• New writings were in the vernacular,
or the everyday language of ordinary
people
• Medieval literature included epics, or long
narrative poems about feudal warriors and
tales of the common people.
SECTION 4
ASSESSMENT
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CHAPTER 9 THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES
• Section 5 – A Time of Crisis
• Objectives
• Explain how the Black Death caused social and economic decline
• Identify the problems that afflicted the Church in the late Middle
Ages
• Analyze the causes, turning points, and effects of the Hundred
Years’ War
THE BLACK DEATH
• The mid 1300s was a time of crisis for Europe
• By 1348, a plague took over all of Europe
• The Black Death, or bubonic plague, killed 1
in 3 people
• Disease spread by fleas on rats
• Epidemic, or an outbreak of rapid-spreading
disease
• People turned to magic and witchcraft for
cures
• Others thought they were being punished by
God
• Christians blamed Jews for the plague and
believed they poisoned the water
Ring Around the Rosie
EFFECTS OF THE BLACK DEATH
• The European economy crumbled
• Workers and employers died, which
led to production decline
• Survivors demanded higher wages
• Inflation, or rising prices, broke out
• Landowners shifted from crop
production to raising sheep because
it required less labor
• Villagers forced off land looked for
work in towns, even though there was
none
• People began to revolt out of fear of
the plague
UPHEAVAL IN THE CHURCH
• The Church was unable to provide strong
leadership during the plague
• In 1309, Pope Clement V moved the papacy
to Avignon, France where it stayed for 70
years
• Popes lived lavishly
• In 1378, Church reformers elected their own
pope to rule from Rome
• French cardinals chose a rival pope
• Created a schism, or split, in the Church
• In 1417, the Council of Constance ended
The Great Schism
NEW HERESIES
• Popular preachers challenged Church pow
• Englishman John Wycliffe attacked Church
corruption
• Insisted that the Bible, not the Church,
was the source of all Christian truth
• Followers translated the Bible into English
so that people could read it themselves
rather than rely on the clergy
• Wycliffe and his followers were persecuted
THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR
• Between 1337 and 1453, England and France
fought a series of conflicts, known as the
Hundred Years’ War
• English rulers had been struggling for
centuries to hold on to French lands
• When Edward III of England claimed the
French throne in 1337, war erupted
• Economic rivalry and a growing sense of
national pride
• English had early victories thanks to the
longbow, which was a powerful new weapon
that was 6 feet long and could discharge 3
arrows in the time a French archer could fire
one
THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR
• In 1429, a 17-year-old peasant women, Joan of
Arc, believed God had sent her to save France
• Persuaded the French king to let her lead
his army against England
• Led the French to victory, but was captured
by the English
• She was tried for witchcraft and burned at
the stake
• She was later declared a saint by the Church
• The French rallied after Joan’s death and
defeated the English
EFFECTS OF THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR
• Growing sense of national feeling in
France
• Parliament gained more power over
English finances
• England lost French lands
• The longbow and cannon gave new
meaning to war and decreased the
importance of knights
• Monarchs needed larger armies than
before
SECTION 5
ASSESSMENT
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