Transcript High Middle Ages (1000-1300) the balance of

The High and Late Middle
Ages
Chapter 8
Royal Power Grows
Section 1
Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church
• Monarchs stood at the head of society but
had limited power.
• Nobles and the Church had as much
power as monarchs.
– Collected their own taxes
– Had their own armies
– Had their own courts
Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church
• High Middle Ages (1000-1300) the balance
of power started to shift.
• Monarchs began to centralize power
– Organized governments
– Developed a tax system
– Built standing armies
– Strengthened ties with the townspeople and
middle class.
William of Normandy Conquered
England
• William is from France and
was a ruthless descendent
of the Vikings who battled
King Harold for the English
throne
• William the Conqueror
became the king of England
on Christmas Day 1066
when he beat King Harold
at the Battle of Hastings.
Expanding Royal Power
• Like other feudal lords, William granted
fiefs to the Church and to his barons but
also kept a large amount of land for
himself.
• He monitored who built castles
• Required every vassal to swear first
allegiance to him rather than to any other
feudal lord.
Expanding Royal Power
• William Had a complete census take n
1086 and listed every castle, field, and
pigpen in England…Domesday Book
• Created the royal exchequer, or treasury,
to collect taxes, fees, fines, and other
duties
Developing a Unified Legal System
• In 1154 King Henry II inherited the throne.
• Common Law= a legal system based on
customs and court rulings
• Henry also developed a jury system
– Grand juries
– Trial juries
Conflict With the Church
• Henry claimed the right to try clergy in
royal courts.
• Thomas Becket, the archbishop of
Canterbury fiercely opposed the King on
this issue.
• 4 of Henry’s knights murdered the
archbishop in his own cathedral.
Magna Carta
• King John was a clever, cruel, and
untrustworthy ruler.
• In 1215 a group of rebellious barons
cornered John and forced him to sign the
Magna Carta.
– Nobles had certain rights
– Monarch must obay the law
Magna Carta
• Due process of the law
• Habeas corpus= no one
person can be held in
prison without first being
charged with a specific
crime.
• King could not raise taxes
without the consent of his
Great council
Development of Parliament
•
•
•
The Kings Great Council would later
develop into Parliament during the
1200’s.
Parliament is England’s legislature.
Two house body
1. House of Lords (Nobles and high clergy)
2. House of Commons (Knights and middle
class)
Successful Monarchs in France
• In 1179 Philip II became King of France
• Philip paid middle-class officials who
would owe their loyalty to him to fill
government positions.
• Granted charters to new towns and
created a national tax
• Quadrupled royal land holdings
Louis IX, King and Saint
• In 1226, Louis IX became King of France
• Persecuted heretics and Jews
• Led French Knights in two Crusades, or
wars against Muslims.
• Sent out royal officials to check on local
administrators
• Helped create a strong nationalistic feeling
Clashing With the Pope
• Phillip IV, Louis grandson, ruthlessly
extended royal power.
• To raise cash, he tried to collect new taxes
from the clergy.
• The pope forbade the clergy to pay this
tax, so Phillip threatened to arrest any
clergy who did not pay.
• Phillip would eventually send troops to
Rome to seize the pope.
Clashing with the Pope
• In 1305, a Frenchman was elected pope
and moved the papal court to Avignon, just
outside the southern border of France.
• This move would lead to crisis in the
Church when another pope was elected in
Rome….both popes claimed to be the
leaders of the church.
Forming the Estates General
• Phillip rallied French support by setting up
the Estates General in 1302.
• This body had representatives from all
three classes of French society
– Clergy
– Nobles
– Townspeople
The Holy Roman Empire and
the Church
Section 2
Henry IV
Pope Gregory VII
Emperor Frederick Barbarossa
Pope Innocent III
The Crusades and the Wider
World
Section 3
Crusades
• In these wars Christians battled Muslims
for control of lands in the Middle East.
• As they moved eastward, Christians
began to realize the world was much
larger than they had ever dreamed.
The World in 1050
• The religion of Islam had given rise to a
brilliant civilization that stretched from
present day Spain to India.
• India was a land of thriving cities where
wealthy princes built stunning temples and
palaces.
The World in 1050
• In 1050’s the Seljuk
Turks invaded the
Byzantine empire and
extended their power
over the Holy Land
• Holy Land=
Jerusalem and other
places in Palestine
where Christians
believed Jesus lived
and preached.
The Crusades
• The Byzantine emperor
Alexius I urgently asked
Pope Urban II for Christian
knights to help him fight the
Muslim Turks.
• At the Council of
Clermont in 1095, Urban
incited bishops and nobles
take action
• By 1096 thousands of
knights were on their way to
the Holy Land
Called to War
• Many knights hoped to win
wealth and land
• Some crusaders sought to
escape troubles at home
• Urban hoped to increase
his power in Europe and
perhaps heal the split
between the Roman and
Byzantine churches.
Fighting a Losing Battle
• After a long and bloody campaign,
Christian knights captured Jerusalem in
1099.
– Capped their victory with a massacre of
Muslim and Jewish residents.
Fighting a losing battle
• The Crusades continued on for over 200
years
• Divided their captured lands into four small
states called crusader states.
• In 1187, Jerusalem fell to the Muslims and
Christians failed to retake it.
– The victor was the Muslim leader Saladin
Fighting a losing battle
• Also launched crusades against other
Muslim lands, especially North Africa.
– All ended in defeat
European Economies Expand
• Europeans had developed a taste for
luxuries from the Byzantine Empire
• Trade increased and expanded because of
the crusades.
Effects on Monarchs and the
Church
• Helped to increase the power of monarchs.
• These rulers won new rights to collect taxes
in order to support crusades
• Enthusiasm for the crusades brought papal
power to its greatest height
A Wider Worldview Evolves
• Contacts with the Muslim world led
Christians to realize that millions of people
lived in regions they had never known.
• Soon, a few curious Europeans left to
explore India and China
• Marco Polo, set out for China.
The Reconquista
• North African Muslims called Moors, had
conquered most of present day Spain
• The Christian campaign that sought to
drive Muslims from the Iberian peninsula
became known as the Reconquista, or
“reconquest”.
Christians Conquer Spain
• In 1085 Christians captured the city of
Toledo
• By 1044 the Christian capital of Portugal
had been established
• By 1300 Christians controlled the entire
Iberian Peninsula except for Granada.
• Ferdinand and Isabella created the unified
state of Spain and helped Granada fall in
1492.
Spain Expels Non-Christians
• Ferdinand and Isabella wanted to impose
unity on their diverse peoples.
• Spanish Inquisition= Church court set up
to try people accused of heresy.
– If Muslims or Jews were found practicing their
religions they could be turned over to the
secular authorities for punishment
– Many were burned at the state
– More than 150,000 people fled Spain.
Learning and Culture Flourish
Section 4
Canterbury Tales
Gothic Cathedral
Flying Buttresses
Illumination Books
A time of Crisis
Section 5
A Black Death: A Global Epidemic
• Autumn of 1357 a fleet
of trading ships landed
in Messina and the
townspeople began to
die.
• By 1348, it had reached
Spain and France.
• 1 out of 3 people died.
The Plague Spreads to Asia
• Bubonic Plague= a disease spread by
fleas carried by rats
• In pre- modern world rats infested ships,
towns, and even homes
• In the early 1300’s rats spread the plague
in crowded Chinese cities which killed
about 35 million people.
Normal Life Breaks Down
• People had no way to stop the disease--terror set in.
• Some say the Plague as Gods
punishment.
• Some Christians blamed Jews for the
Plague, as a result thousands were
slaughtered.
• People left cities to avoid contracting the
disease.
The Economy Suffers
• When workers and employers died,
production declined
• Survivors demanded higher wages
• Inflation broke out
• People forced off land
• Revolts erupted
The Church Splits
• In 1309, Pope Clement V had moved the
papal court to Avignon. It remained there
for 70 years under French domination.
• In 1378, reformers elected their own pope
to rule from Rome.
• This led to a schism, or split, in the church
• During a schism, two or three popes
claimed to be the true pope.
The church Splits
• In 1417, a church council at
Constance, Germany voted
to remove authority from all
three popes and elected a
compromising candidate.
• Pope Martin V returned the
papacy to Rome.
Responding to New Heresies
• John Wycliffe, an Oxford professor,
attacked corruption in Church
– The Bible was the source of Christian truth
– His followers began to translate the Bible into
English so that people could read it
themselves rather than rely on clergy to
interpret it.
• People were tired and burned at the stake
for preaching heresy.
The Hundred Years’ War
• Between 1337 and 145, England and
France engaged in a series of conflicts,
knows as the Hundred Years’ War.
• English rulers wanted to hold onto their
lands in present-day Northern France.
• When Edward III of England, whose
mother had been a French princess,
claimed the French crown in 1337, war
erupted between these rival powers.
Hundred Years’ War
• England and French fought for control of
the English Channel.
• Both wanted to control trade in the region
The English Win Early Victories
• For time, it looked like England would
bring all of France under its control.
• Much success was due to the new
longbow wielded by English archers.
Joan of Arc fights for France
• In 1429, a 17-year old peasant women,
Joan of Arc, appeared at the Court of
Charles VII and told him that God had sent
her to save France.
• Joan inspired the battered French troops
to fight anew.
• After Joan was killed by the English, it
rallied the French troops who took the
offensive in the war.
Joan of Arc fights for France
• With a powerful new
weapon, the cannon,
The French attacked
English held castles.
• By 1453, the English
held only the port of
Calais in northwestern
France
Impact of the Hundred Year’s War
• The was created a growing sense of
national feeling in France and allowed
French kings to expand their power.
• Power in the English government began to
swing towards Parliament
• Castles and armored knights were
doomed to disappear because their
defenses could not stand up to the more
deadly firepower of the longbow and
cannon.