Transcript Chapter 8: The High and Late Middle Ages

Chapter 8:
The High and Late
Middle Ages
1050 - 1450
Chapter 8, Section 1
Royal Power Grows
Monarchs, Nobles and the Church
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During the Middle Ages, Nobles and
the Church had as much power as
monarchs
During the High Middle Ages, the
balance of power began to shift
• Monarchs began to centralize power
• Monarchs strengthened their ties with
people in the towns to gain support
English Kings Strengthen their
Power
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400 – 500s  Anglo – Saxons
conquered most of Britain
This country became known as
England
A unified English kingdom emerged
• 1066  King Edward died w/out an heir
• A council of nobles chose Edward’s
brother – in – law Harold to rule
William of Normandy Conquers
England
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William raised an army and had the
backing of the pope and then
decided to attack Harold
Known as William the Conqueror,
he became King of England on
Christmas Day 1066
• Over the next 300 years, there was a
blending of the French and Anglo Saxons
Expanding Royal Power
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Since William conquered England he
set out to impose control of his land
William required all vassals to swear
allegiance to him not feudal lords
William had a complete census
taken 1086
• He wrote a book describing his kingdom
called Domesday Book (doomsday)
Unified Legal System
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1154  Henry II inherited the throne
He sent out traveling justices to
carry out the laws
• These laws became the basis for English
common law
• Henry II also developed an early jury
system
• Juries would listen to cases and
determine which ones would go to trial
The Magna Carta
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Oppressive taxes by Monarchs
angered many nobles
In 1215, such nobles forced King
John to sign the Magna Carta
• Granted various rights
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Due process
No taxation without reason and approval
King must obey the law
The Magna Carta
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Set a foundation for many future
governments
Established Parliament
• House of Commons
• House of Lords
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Established checks and balances
This Legislative branch (Parliament) takes
power away from the King
Successful Monarchs in France
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Monarchs in France did not rule a
unified kingdom like in England
987  nobles elected Hugh Capet
to French throne
Hugh and his heirs increased royal
power
• The Capetian (Capet) dynasty lasted
300 years
• They collected taxes and imposed laws
Philip Augustus
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Named king of France in 1179
Gave government positions to middle
class citizens who owed loyalty to
him
Introduced a new national tax
Became the most powerful ruler in
Europe
• Died in 1223
Clashing with the Pope
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As royal power grew, so do their
conflicts with the church
• Popes and monarchs tried to claim
ultimate power
• Monarchs wanted to tax all clergy,
popes said they didn’t have to pay
• Two different popes were elected (one
in Rome, one in Avignon)
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Both claimed to be the true leader
Review
1)
What was the name of the document that King
John was forced to sign?
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A
B
C
D
The
The
The
The
Declaration of Independence
Magna Carta
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Herthum
2) Who was the King of France who gave
government positions to citizens that showed
loyalty?
• A
• B
• C
King Herthum
King Charles
King Philip Augustus
Chapter 8, Section 2
The Holy Roman Empire
and the Church
The Holy Roman Empire
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After the long decline, as much of
Europe was breaking up into feudal
kingdoms, the area of present day
Germany became known as the Holy
Roman Empire.
These rulers became known as Holy
Roman Emperors
• Crowned by the pope
Emperors Struggle for Control
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German emperors claimed control
over central and eastern Europe
However, the vassals were actually
the ones who were in control
• The German emperors never seemed to
be able to control their vassals
Feud Between Pope and Emperor
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1054  Henry IV crowned king of
Germany (he later became Holy
Roman Emperor)
At this time, Gregory VII was pope
Conflicts began to increase at this
time between monarchs and the
Church
Feud Between Pope and Emperor
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Many people admired Gregory VII
because of his Church reforms
But…some of his policies brought
hatred and contempt
• He wanted to make the Church
independent from any other rulers
• He banned the practice of “lay
investiture”
Feud Between Pope and Emperor
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Lay Investiture  Emperors or
other “lay” persons (people who are
not members of the clergy) invested
or presented bishops with the ring
and staff that symbolized their office
• This was banned by Gregory VII
• He said only the pope could appoint
bishops
Feud Between Pope and Emperor
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The ban on Lay Investiture angered
Henry IV
Henry IV felt entitled to give bishops
symbols to hold office
The two men would send insulting
letters to each other
• This feud heated up as the years went
on
Feud Between Pope and Emperor
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1076  Gregory excommunicated
Henry and wanted to name a new
emperor
However, Gregory was faced with
revolts and had to lift the
excommunication on Henry
Henry quickly returned to Germany
to stop the revolts
Feud Between Pope and Emperor
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1122 both sides accept a treaty
over the investiture conflict
Treaty stated the Church would
declare bishops
The emperor still could invest in the
bishops (give them his support) but
no appoint them
Struggle for Italy
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Several German emperors wanted to
control Italy during the 1100-1200s
Frederick I worked for years to bring
wealthy Italian cities under his
control
• They resisted this attempt by Frederick
• Eventually Frederick II, grandson of
Frederick I sought to do the same thing
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It never happened
Church Power Reaches Height
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1198  Pope Innocent III took office
He claimed supremacy over all other
rulers
Innocent clashed with powerful
people in his time and usually won
• 1209 Aided by Philip II, Innocent
launched a crusade against Southern
France because they rejected his beliefs
Chapter 8, Section 3
The Crusades and the
Wider World
The World in 1050
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1050  Many parts of the World
were thriving as Western Europe was
coming out of isolation
• Brilliant civilizations in Spain and Italy
• India had several thriving cities
• East Asia saw many expanding
dynasties
• Ghana was a trading empire in Africa
The World in 1050
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The Byzantine Empire was flourishing
• This is closer to Western Europe
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The Americas in 1050
• Maya was thriving with cities and
temples
• Native Americans were building an
empire in South America
The Crusades
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Holy Land
• Seljuk Turks invaded the Byzantine
Empire (around 1050)
• Jerusalem was located in the Byzantine
• This was the Holy Land of the Christians
• Also to Muslims and Jews
• At the Council of Clermont, Pope
Urban II, called for a Crusade to take
back the Holy Land
Why did People Join?
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Main purpose was to regain the holy land.
Many went for various reasons
• Merchants saw a chance to make $$
• Debts cancelled
• Heavenly reward…Crusaders went straight to
heaven
• Protection for family by church
• Criminals freed
• Nobles were looking for land
• Adventure
Results of Crusades
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Only the first Crusade came close to
achieving its goal
Christian Knights had captured
Jerusalem in 1099
Crusades continued for 200 years
• Lands were divided into 4 small states
• 1187  Jerusalem fell to Muslims
• Overall  Not very successful
Impact of Crusades
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Economic
• Trade develops
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Foods
Clothing
Weapons
Social
• Middle class develops and was strengthened
• Towns and cities develop more rapidly
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Political
• Development of strong central governments
Economic Impacts
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Reasons for decline in trade before the
Crusades
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No money…barter system
Manors were self sufficient
Poor infrastructure
Tolls to cross land
Robbers and pirates
Church laws
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Just price…no profits
No usury…charging interest
Economic Impacts
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Development of Market Economy
• Land, labor, capital (factors of
production) controlled by individuals
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Capital…wealth…using money to make
profits
• People began to invest
 Ship building
 Trade voyages
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Labor…manufacturing
Land…resources
Social Changes
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Growth of towns and cities
• Towns won independence from nobles
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Charters of liberties
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Freedom from serfdom
Exempt from manor work
Town justice
Right to trade
Occupations
• Rise of Middle Class
Social Changes
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Occupations
• Merchants Guild
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Monopolies on trade
Loaned money to members
Offered protection
• Craft Guild
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Made up of skilled craftsman
• Apprentice (3-12 years…no wages)
• Journeyman (skilled and paid)
• Master craftsman
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Set prices; disciplined workers; set work hours,
conditions, and wages
Effects of Crusades
Immediate Effects
Population growth
End of feudalism
Centralized monarchies
Growth of Italian trading
Centers
Increased productivity
Long-Term Effects
Renaissance
Age of Exploration
Scientific Revolution
Western European colonies in
Asia, Africa, and the
Americas
The Reconquista
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Spain initiated a crusade of its own
kind against the Muslims in Spain
Much of Spain had been occupied by
Muslims during the Middle Ages
The Reconquista was the crusade to
push them out
• Reconquista AKA “Reconquest”
Christians Conquer Spain
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Ferdinand and Isabella (leaders of
separate regions) married and made a
final push towards the Muslims in Spain
• They were able to move Muslims off the
Iberian Peninsula
• With the establishment of the Inquisition,
they removed religious toleration, and
persecuted Jews and Muslims in Spain
• Inquisition  Church court set up to try
people accused of heresy
Review
Which of the following was not an effect of the
Crusades on Europe?
a)
b)
c)
d)
increased religious tolerance
growth of a money economy
curiosity about the world
an increase in the power of feudal monarchs
After the Reconquista, Jews and Muslims in
Spain
a) won important government positions.
b) were persecuted.
c) were forced to convert to Christianity.
d) were allowed to continue to worship as they
pleased.
Chapter 8, Section 4
Learning and Culture Flourish
Medieval Universities Emerge
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As conditions improved, the need for
education grew
• The church wanted better educated
clergy
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Leaders wanted well educated future leaders
Universities sprang up that were
actually academic guilds
• Universities would specialize in courses
of study
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Benefit members in the same way as guilds
Education Lifestyle
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Life was rigorous at the universities
• Classes began early
• Sat on hard benches for hours
• Students were expected to remember
what was dictated to them
• Exams were given orally
Women and Education
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Women were not allowed to attend
universities
Therefore, they could not become
doctors, lawyers, or church officials
However, some women had the
chance to become educated
• Some received education from convents
• Girls from noble families attended
classes in the French capital
Science, Math, Literature
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Science advanced little...conflicts
with church teaching
Math...many advances from Greeks
and Muslims
• Euclid’s geometry
• Number system...no more Roman
numerals
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Literature...writing in vernacular
(everyday language)
Architecture and Art
•Concentrated on cathedrals
to show religious devotion
•Introduction of Gothic style
•Away from straight stone
walls with slits
•Used flying buttresses as
supports
•Carved statues…Stained
glass
Architecture and Art
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Stained glass was used to beautify
the church and portray biblical stories
or beliefs
Chapter 8, Section 5
A Time of Crisis
The Black Death
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Broke out in China
Killed 1/3 of Europe’s population
(about 25 million)
Caused by rat fleas...rats were
common in the streets
Towns were unsanitary and
conditions spread easily
• Also called the “Plague”
Normal Life Breaks Down
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Brought terror and confusion to
people in Europe
• People did not know how to stop the
disease
• Some people turned to magic and
witchcraft for cures
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Some blamed Jews
• Others tortured themselves or family
members in an attempt to beat the
plague out of them
The Economy Suffers
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Economic Decline
• Farm and industrial production declined
due to a loss of labor
• Demanded higher wages and prices rose
• Guilds stopped accepting members
• Landowners and merchants pushed for
laws to limit wages
• These issues led to revolts by peasants
in England, Germany, France, etc.
Upheaval in the Church
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The Church Splits
• 1309  Pope Clement V moved the
Church court to Southern France
• 1378  reformers elected their own
new leader (this caused the split)
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Responding to New Heresies
• The church began persecuting and
burning people that had ideas contrary
to the church
The Hundred Years’ War
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France and England started to gain pride
• Nationalism
• They fought a long war over lands
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English were winning easily until Joan of
Arc arrived
• 17 year old peasant who claimed she was sent
by God to save France
• France rallied around her and began to
advance
• She was captured by the English and tried for
witchcraft (burned at the stake)
The Hundred Years’ War
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French pride grew and they pushed
England out of France
100 years war contributed:
• Longbow (England)
• Cannon (France)
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As a result of these weapons, armor lost its
importance and castles were not as strong
Impact of Hundred Years’ War
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Society was changing
Monarchs needed large armies to
fight wars
• This caused them to hire more and
more soldiers to fight for them
• These changes led to increased trade
• Italian cities flourished as trading
centers
Review
1)
The Black Death killed how many people in
Europe?
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A
B
C
D
25 million
50 million
2 million
100 million
2) The Hundred Years’ War was fought between
which two countries?
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A
B
C
D
France and Spain
France and England
Spain and England
Spain and Italy