Transcript Middle Ages

Middle Ages
Chapter 14
The Crusades
causes
• Turks (Muslims) gain control of the Holy Lands
and threaten Constantinople
– Byzantine emperor asks Pope for help
• Pope Urban II asks Lords for help, to quit
fighting amongst themselves and unite
• to fight and win back the Holy Lands
• “wear cross on right shoulder or back with
one voice…cry out: God wills it, God wills it!”
Crusades
• 10,000 Europeans join a series of military
expeditions to regain the Holy Lands
• Why?
– To save their souls
– Knights hoped to gain wealth and power
– Merchants saw a chance to make money
First Crusade
1096 - 1099
• Crusaders not dressed for environment
• Didn’t bring enough supplies
• Ships from Italy resupply along Palestinian
coast
• Crusaders able to surround city
Results: SUCCESS
• Muslims and Jews slaughtered and driven
from Jerusalem
• Mixing of Cultures: cultural diffusion
– Muslims and Christians live side by side
– Respect grows between groups
• Trade sprang up between Europe and Holy
Lands, (Middle East & Asia)
• 2nd Crusade: 1147 – 1149
– Turks against Louis VII of France and Conrad III of
Germany
• 3rd Crusade: 1189 – 1192
– Truce between Muslim Saladin & King Richard of
England
– Allowed Christians to enter Holy Lands freely
• 4th Crusade: 1202
– Pope Innocent III gathered French Knights
– Attacked Christian cities and Constantinople
• Children’s Crusade
– Young decided to try, several thousands are lost in
chaos
UNSUCCESSFUL
• What came out of the Crusades?
• 1st one successful
• Weapons and warfare:
– Europeans used cross-bow
• Learned to undermine walls and use catapults
– Muslims introduce long-bows and gun-powder
– Modern technology in weapons leads to the
decline of the Knights in Europe
• Politics:
– Lords sold lands to raise money to fight, some
died
– Kings grew stronger
• Armies come from all over in support, not just in one
area
• END TO FEUDALISM
• Ideas & Trade:
– Exchange of ideas with people from all over
Europe
– Gained knowledge from Byzantines and Muslims
– Enriched European culture
– Italian cities become trading centers
• Introduction of new foods from SW Asia
Section 2
• New trade Routes
– Ukraine, Italy, Germany
• Markets and Goods
– Barter Economy
– Coins
– Fairs—large, people traveled, entertainment
• 3 new business developments
– Manufacturing
• Domestic System: manufacturing goods took place in home
– Banking
• Banks lend money
• Start to use “bills of exchange” or NOTES
– Investments
• Capital – wealth that is earned, saved, and invested to make profits
• Creation of Market-economy
SECTION 3 – Growth of Towns
• Town Charter – Lord’s would grant charters
– Written statement of town’s rights
– Trade increased – towns grew, became wealthy
• Merchant Guild
– Had sole right to trade in a particular town or had
to pay a fee
• Craft Guild
– Group of skilled workers of a single craft
• Set standards
• Controlled training – MASTER TRAINERS
CRAFT GUILDS
• Master Trainer
– Apprentice
• 1st step, lasts 5 – 9 years, learn craft
– Journeyman
• Actual skilled worker, gets paid for work
• Creates a “masterpiece” that must be approved by other
masters, if so, could then open own shop and become
master himself
• Middle class forms
– Class between nobles and unskilled workers/peasants
Black Death
• Cities become trading centers
– Exciting
– Dark, unsafe, dirty, unhealthy
• 1357 – plague swept across Europe
– Rats on trading ships scurry off at port cities
– Fleas bite humans
• 1347 – 1351
– Approximately 25 million people died
– 1/3 of European population
Section 4: Life and Culture
• Language in Literature
– Vernacular languages – spoken by people with
little education
– Everyday speech
• Dante
– “Father of Italian language” - poems read all over
Italy
– Divine Comedy – greatest work, pointed out faults
in Italian society
• Chaucer
– Canterbury Tales – pokes fun at English society
Philosophy & Architecture
• Scholasticism – attempt to bring together faith
and reason
– Peter Abelard – philosopher,
• questioned Church’s teachings
– Thomas Aquinas – Dominican monk
• Summarized medieval Christian thought
• Architecture
– Gothic – replaces Romanesque
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Tall spires
Flying buttresses
Stained glass
High walls
Section 5
• France:
– Hundred Year’s War – 1337 – 1453
• Series of conflicts between England and France
– Joan of Arc
• Claimed to talk to God through visions of St. Catherine
of Sienna
• Leads French Army to victory
• Feared by King, turns her over to British
– Estates General
• Starts to gain power and grow strong during turmoil
• ENGLAND
– War of the Roses – fight over throne by two families
• White rose – House of York
• Red rose – House of Lancaster (winner)
– Ends with Henry Tudor as KING HENRY VII
• SPAIN
– Ferdinand & Isabella
• Added land to Spain
• Drove out non-Catholic Christians
• HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
– Germany & Italy
– Habsburg family rise to power
• Marries into other royal and wealthy families
Challenges to Church
• Clement V
– French pope, moves papacy to Avignon, France
• Babylonian Captivity
– Years popes live in France
– People thought pope controlled by French Kings
• Great Schism – church divided into opposing
groups
• Wycliffe & Hus
– 1st reformers, set stage for future challenges