Transcript then he died! - cloudfront.net

Happy New Year!!!! Journal 1/7
• What was your favorite thing about the
break? (your answer cannot be sleep that is an
obvious!)
• Grab a sheet of blank paper, we are going to
do an activity together.
Resolutions
• Fold the paper in half hot dog style
• Cut one side into four equal sections and write the
numbers 2-0-1-5 on each section
• Under each section you are going to write a new years
resolution to improve:
–
–
–
–
2: Personal improvement
0: Family/friends
1: School/community
5: Global World
• Be creative and include color
• Turn in for a grade
Feudalism, Crusades, and the
Magna Carta
The Rise of the Middle Ages
1/7 Objectives
• Describe the process of how Frankish rulers
gained control of Europe.
• Explain the decline of the Frankish Empire.
Where in the World is Europe???
Rome Falls…..What Next????
….after the fall of the Roman Empire, Europe
was full of chaos and change.
– Barbarian invasions brought new culture to
Europe and merged with the lifestyles left by the
Empire.
• The time between the 400’s and about 1500
became known as the middle ages or
medieval period where there was a transition
in the development in western culture.
The Franks
A Germanic tribe that came to
the post-Roman Europe and
established power.
Who is Clovis and the Merovingian's??
• Clovis was the leader of the
Frankish tribes.
– Him and his successors were
called the Merovingian's.
• Strong military leader who
conquered all of northern
Gaul and eventually the
Franks went on to conquer
southwestern Gaul (modern
France).
• Franks gained support from
the church because Clovis
was a Christian.
Stop and Jot
• Based on what we have learned from other
civilizations……What do you think happened
to the kingdom after Clovis died?
• His sons divided the empire and created
internal conflict within the kingdom.
• The kings that ruled after him were weak and
eventually the chief of the royal household
(mayor of the palace) took over as ruler of
each kingdom.
Pepin II
• Mayor of the palace from 687 to 714
• Him and his successors united the Frankish
Kingdom
….then he died!
• Pepin’s son, Charles Martel (Charles the
Hammer), became mayor of the palace.
• Credited for stopping the Muslim advance in
Europe by defeating the Spanish Moors when
they invaded France in 732.
….then he died!
Pepin III
• His son Pepin III became king of the
Franks and established the
Carolingians, a new line of Frankish
rulers.
• The Pope confirmed Pepin’s rule
and strengthened the Carolingian
dynasty because European
Christians believed that the Popes
blessing came directly from God.
• The Pope wanted Pepin's help against the
Lombard's who were threatening Italy.
– He took a Frankish army into Italy to fight….and
won!
• He got control of the territory around Rome
and gave it to the Pope: the Donation of Pepin
– Made the alliance between the Franks and the
church even stronger.
Who is Charlemagne???
• The son of Pepin III, who inherited
the Frankish throne from 768 – 814.
• Worked to build a “new Rome”
centered in what is now France and
Germany.
• A Christian Warrior
– Spread Christianity and brought order
& learning to barbarian Europe.
– He defeated: the Lombard's in Italy,
Saxons in Germany, and the Avars in
central Europe.
– Drove the Moors back across the
Pyrenees, a mountain range that
separates Spain and France (the
Spanish March).
Stop and Jot
• What actions helped Charlemagne to unify his
empire?
• Spreading Christian Beliefs
• Capturing the Spanish March
Charlemagne Declared Emperor of
Romans!!!
• Pope Leo III declared
Charlemagne the “Emperor of
the Romans” by placing a
crown on his head as he knelt
in prayer on Christmas day in
800.
– The Roman Empire had
obviously been over, therefore, it
shows his importance to western
Europe.
And then…….
• He died!
Government Under Charlemagne
• Divided into regions, controlled by officials
known as counts that served on the emperors
behalf.
• Appointed officials that helped Charlemagne
run the empire were known as missi dominici
(the lord’s messengers).
– Took care of complaints throughout the Empire
– Kept the counts in check
– Given a lot of authority
Stop and Jot
Copy the diagram and use it to show how Charlemagne organized his
government and what responsibilities were held by the various officials
Charlemagne’s
Empire
The Decline of the Frankish Empire
• Charlemagne’s descendants did not inherit his
energy and ability.
– The Empires strength began to decline rapidly
• It eventually began to divide and split.
– Conflict occurred between the western and
eastern kingdoms.
• Charlemagne’s kingdom was further
undermined by invasions from different
groups.
The Vikings!!!
• They were the most feared invaders of western
Europe from Scandinavia in the north (what is
now Norway, Sweden, and Denmark).
• They were a surprisingly quite democratic group
of people.
– Assemblies of landowners made the laws.
• The way they captured towns was very cruel.
– Used axes and dogs to strike terror into people.
• Had great, strong ships that took them to Iceland,
Greenland, and North America.
Exit Ticket
• I have some ideas for the new current event
assignment that will begin next week.
• However….. I want to hear some of your
suggestions first because I want it to be a more
meaningful assignment for you…..
• So, I want you to take 5 minutes and think of
some ideas. Write the ideas that you come up
with on a sticky note.
• When you are finished come stick it to the board!
Journal 1/9
• Think about the importance of land
ownership throughout history and in
the U.S. today. Does a person have
to own land to be prosperous
economically? How is land
ownership transferred between
individuals?
• Date/Copy/Answer
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ZTmiYUpm4
Objectives
• Explore how feudalism helped shape political and
social development in Europe during the Middle
Ages.
• Identify the ways in which the manorial system
influenced growth in Europe during the Middle
Ages.
• Describe how the church hierarchy fit into
society.
• Explain how the practices of monasticism
changed.
• Explore how the church influenced life in
medieval Europe.
Feudalism…What Does It Mean?
• After Charlemagne died there was no
organized, large-scale government in
Europe...so…..
• By the 900’s most people were governed by
small, local, independent leaders, or local
lords.
• The political organization these leaders
represented is known as feudalism.
• A political system of local government based
on the granting of land in return for loyalty,
military assistance, and other services.
How Does It Work?
• A powerful king grants land (fief) to a noble.
– The land is still actually owned by the king.
– The noble has power to use of the land and it’s products, but
could not own the land.
• In return the noble promised loyalty, military assistance
(knights), money, and other services to the king.
– People who received the grants of land were known as vassals.
• The noble could then split up the land he had been granted
and grant it to others such as knights.
– Knights provided military service and protection in return for
land.
• Knights could then split up the land even more and grant
land to peasants who were responsible for providing food
and other services when demanded.
Create a graphic organizer that shows how feudalism
works. Make sure to include the cycle of who grants the
land and the responsibilities of the vassals.
The Manorial System
• Feudalism provided social and political structure after
Charlemagne’s rule in the period of the middle ages in
Europe.
• Manorialism shaped the economy of Europe during these
times.
– Took it’s name from the manors of the middle ages.
– Large farming estates that included manor houses, cultivated
lands, woodlands, pastures, fields, and villages.
• Central authority and trade were almost non-existent so
manors had to be self-sufficient.
• A lord typically owned the land and kept about 1/3 of it for
himself.
– The other 2/3 were farmed by the peasant families (serfs) living
on the land.
– In return for being able to farm the land they gave some crops
to the lord and helped farm his land.
– They also provided many other services and even paid taxes.
Peasant Life
• Very difficult during medieval times, spending
long hours in the fields.
• Could not leave the manor without the lords
permission.
• Very limited food – black bread, lentils, some
vegetables, and ale.
– Could rarely afford meat because you could not hunt
on the lord’s land.
• Short life expectancies due to disease, starvation,
and frequent warfare.
Nobles’ Lifestyles
• The upper class in medieval Europe did not
typically live in luxury or even comfort by
today’s standards.
– Castles were simple structures made from earth
and wood. Later they were made from stone.
• Usually built on hills so they could be defended. If not
they would construct moats around the base.
• The lord spent most of his days looking after
the land and dispensing justice among his
vassals and serfs.
Journal 1/12
• Consider the separation between church and
state in the United States. What does this
separation mean? Do you think this is positive
or negative and explain why?
• Copy/Date/Answer
The Church
• The church was Europe’s only source of
leadership and stability during the Middle Ages.
• “The continuity and the authority of the Church
of Rome stood out in marked contrast against
…the short-lived kingdoms which rose and fell in
[the early Middle Ages].”
• Therefore, it became one of the medieval
Europe’s most powerful and enduring
institutions.
The Church and Its Functions
• The church filled the need for leadership and
performed many of the functions that a
central government would.
• It also performed as a great economic power
during the Middle Ages.
– By the 1100’s the church was one of the leading
landowners, and many of the leaders were
powerful feudal lords.
The Church Hierarchy
• Members of the clergy of the church were
organized according to a hierarchy of rank.
– Each rank had different duties and powers.
• The parish priest was the lowest rank and
directly served the people of his parish, the
smallest division in the church.
– Responsible for religious instruction and spiritual life
of the community.
– Lowest and smallest rank but one of the most
important.
A Step Up: Bishops
• The bishop managed a group of parishes
called a diocese.
– The bishop’s official church, the cathedral, was
usually located in the city of the diocese.
• Bishop’s were chosen by powerful nobles or
the king.
– Chosen by family connections and political power.
– Many were feudal lords
Church Leadership
• A group of several diocese, an archdiocese, was
managed by an archbishop.
– An archbishop had all the power & responsibility of a
bishop, but also had authority over all bishops in the
archdiocese.
• The pope held the highest authority in the church.
– Was advised by the curia, a group of counselors picked
from the highest ranks of the clergy.
– The most important of the curia were called cardinals or
“princes of the church” because they advised the pope on
legal and spiritual matters.
• From the late 1100’s only cardinals could elect the
pope.
Pope Francis
Draw a pyramid that represents the
hierarchy of the church and their
functions!
Monasticism
• The church was made up of two types of
clergy.
• Secular clergy – means “the present world”
– Priests, bishops, and the pope
– Gave sermons and preached to people in the
everyday world.
• Regular clergy – means “rule”
– Male monks made up regular clergy because they
had to follow strict rules.
Monastic Lifestyle
• Monks and nuns believed they had to withdraw from
the world and its temptations to live a Christian life.
• Monks lived alone and completely devoted their lives
to God in many ways.
– Would even inflict extreme pain and suffering to
themselves to show their dedication.
• Most monks and nuns eventually gave up their lifestyle
alone and formed religious communities called
monasteries, while nuns lived in convents.
• Monasticism refers to the lifestyles in monasteries and
convents.
Monastic Influence
• Monks and nuns took care of the needy in
medieval society.
– Many monasteries were wealthy because nobles
would give money in return for spiritual favors.
– Convents received some wealth but not as much.
• Some monks would eventually leave the
monastery to become missionaries.
– Traveling around Europe to spread Christianity.
The Church and Its Political Role
• The church had its own code of law, called canon law, and
its own courts.
– Members of the clergy would be tried in this court and could
possibly be excommunicated.
• The court could also interdict an entire region.
– All churches in that region would close and the clergy would be
forbidden to perform marriages, burials, or other services.
– The church would use this as a strategy to turn a region’s people
against rulers who opposed church powers and policies because
people who went against the church were considered heretics.
• The church also had power to tax – the parish priest would
collect a tithe from the people.
– 1/10 of a person’s income
• Pop Quiz!!
• When you are finished begin adding to your
timeline!
– The Roman Empire
– The Frankish Empire
Journal 1/21
• Consider what you know about the
constitution of the United States of America
and the Bill of Rights. What purpose do they
serve?
The Struggle for Power in
England and France
Pg. 304
1. How was the kingdom of England formed?
2. What were the achievements of William the
Conqueror and his successors?
3. What is the Magna Carta? Why was it
written?
4. How did Parliament and common law affect
political development in England?
5. How did French kings gain power over their
nobles?
Journal 1/21
• If you could travel to one place in the entire
world for free, where would you go and why?
Journal 1/23
• Think about power struggles today. Give some
modern examples. (school, community,
national, or global level). What are some
typical goals of those engaged in power
struggles?
“Write Your Own Rights”
• What to include:
– The name of your document at the top
• Ex: “The Bill of Rights”
• Ex: “The Magna Carta”
• Ex: “The Great Charter”
– A preamble: states what the purpose of the document is and
why it is necessary.
• A list of rights or amendments (at least 10)
– Can be directed towards your parents, the school, the principal,
or Ms. Schill.
• Cannot include negativity towards any of the above, it simply needs to
state rights.
• A signature
• This will be taken up as a grade (it will not be a good one if
you do not take it serious or add negativity to your
document)!!!
Journal 1/26
• What do you think about North Korea and
how they run their government?
Objectives
• Describe how the Holy Roman emperors used
their power.
• Explain how the struggle between the popes
and emperors developed.
Chapter 13 Section 5
The Clash over Germany and Italy
The Holy Roman Empire
• After Charlemagne died, Italy was in a state of
chaos and disorder.
– Around 900, the Byzantine Empire controlled parts of
Italy; the pope the Papal States; while Arab Muslims
ruled Sicily and often attacked the Italian mainland.
• Feudal lords elected Otto I to be king of Germany
in 936 (Otto the Great).
– He also became interested in Italy and went to seize
territory in northern Italy in 951.
– Pope John XII begged Otto to help him with the
struggle with Roman nobles.
• Crowned him Emperor of Romans in return and he ruled
Germany and northern Italy.
Imperial Decline
• In the early 1800s, the Holy Roman Empire
was weakened by internal divisions, rise of
other European powers, and ambitions of
local nobles who sought to break imperial
control.
The Papacy vs. European Rulers
• Henry IV became imperial ruler after Henry III’s
death in 1056.
– He was only 5 years old and many powerful German
nobles saw this as an opportunity to take back their
independence and feudal powers.
– The church also worked to restore their power during
this time
• When Henry turned 15, he moved to strengthen
his imperial rule and a conflict grew with Pope
Gregory VII.
– Reflected the struggle between church and state
Pope Gregory VII & Henry IV
• Gregory believed that the church was supreme ruler
with supreme spiritual and non-spiritual power.
– Thought everyone was subject to the will of the church.
– Would use excommunication as a way to resolve conflicts
between church and state
• The conflict with Henry IV involved the issue of lay
investiture: appointment of bishops by temporal (nonspiritual) rulers.
– Henry believed he had the right to appoint bishops of the
German church and of course Gregory disagreed.
• Gregory grew angry with Henry and excommunicated
him
Gregory Wins!
• Fearing rebellion, Henry set up a meeting at
Canossa with the pope to ask for mercy.
– The pope revoked Henry’s excommunication after
some begging.
• In 1122 representatives from both sides met in
Worms, Germany and made a resolution known
as the Concordat of Worms.
– It limited imperial power over the German church.
The ruler could only appoint bishops to fiefdoms, and
the pope was the only one who could name bishops.
– Recognized the spiritual leadership of the popes and
the temporal leadership of the emperors.
Stop and Jot
Concordat of
Worms
Grants secular
powers
Grants spiritual
powers
Frederick Barbarossa – Imperial Ruler
• Ruled Germany from 1152-1190, and wanted to gain
control of Italy.
– To strengthen his rule by gaining wealth, he sought out great
trading cities such as Bologna, Padua, Verona, and Milan
(Lombard cities).
– He took control over their governments
– Destroyed Milan
• The city-states were mostly independent from imperial rule
and refused Frederick’s demands.
– With the help of the pope, they united to form the Lombard
League.
– Raised a powerful army that defeated Frederick.
– Showed the growing political power of cities in medieval
Europe.
Use a graphic organizer to summarize
the actions and events that led to
Frederick Barbarossa’s defeat by the
Lombard League.
Innocent III
• A strong medieval pope from 1198 – 1216
– Strengthened the church and increased its worldly power.
– Believed in the supreme power of the papacy, like Gregory
before him.
– He believed emperors and kings were mere servants of the
church.
• Gave himself complete spiritual and political power.
– Used excommunication and interdiction against rulers,
dominating nearly all of Italy.
• After his death, his successors were not able to carry out
the strength of the church and the power of the papacy
declined.
– Conflict between church and state continued
– Italy remained divided into three regions.
• Northern Italy controlled by the Lombard cities
• Papal States had control of the center
• Kingdom of Sicily controlled the South
Next Time
• We will pick up with the crusades and culture
in the middle ages on Tuesday along with a
study guide.
• We will review on Thursday……and test Friday!
Make an Illustration
• Today we discussed the power struggle going on
between imperial power and the church.
• Think about modern day power struggles in the
community, U.S., and the world. Make an
illustration that demonstrates that power
struggle and the goals that each side is trying to
achieve.
• If you are finished…..work on your timeline. I
think we have to add events from the Ancient
Greece, the Roman Empire, and The Frankish
Empire
Journal 1/29
• When you hear the word “Crusade” what do
you think of?
The Crusades
Chapter 14 Section 1
Objectives
• Identify the main causes of the Crusades.
• Describe the outcome of the First Crusade.
• Describe the outcomes of the other major
crusades.
• Explain how the Crusades affected Europe.
Palestine
• Palestine = Holy land to the Christians,
Muslims, and Jews.
• In the 600s Muslim Arabs took control of
Palestine.
– They allowed Christians and Jews to practice their
religion, travel freely, and trade.
• However, by the Middle Ages, this situation
changed.
Causes of the Crusades
• During the late 1000s the Seljuq Turks (Muslims from
central Asia) took control of Palestine.
– They then wanted to go conquer Asia Minor, part of the
Byzantine Empire.
– They threatened the capital city of Constantinople and the
Byzantine emperor called on Pope Urban II for help.
– He was happy to help because he had heard reports of
Christians being persecuted in Palestine by the Turks.
• Urban asked church leaders and feudal lords in France
to help win back the holy land.
– They would “wear the cross of Christ on their right
shoulder or back, and with one voice…cry out: ‘God wills it,
God wills it, God wills it!”
Stop and Jot
Need to know:
• Seljuk Turks –
• Where were they trying to conquer –
• Who did they call on to help –
• Why was he eager to help –
• Who did he ask to help -
The Crusades
.....And so the Crusades began, a series of military
expeditions to regain the Holy Land.
• At least 10,000 Europeans helped the cause, sewing a
cloth cross on their shoulder and calling themselves
the Crusaders.
• Crusaders had many different reasons for joining the
cause:
– Some thought it would save their souls
– Some believed if they died on crusade they would go
straight to heaven
– Some knights hoped to gain land and wealth in Palestine
and Southwest Asia
– Some merchants saw it as an opportunity to make money
• The crusades appealed to a love of adventure and the
promise of rewards, both spiritual and material.
Stop and Jot
Need to know:
• Crusade –
• Who were the Crusaders –
• What are some reasons they joined -
The First Crusade
• From 1096 – 1099
• French and Italian lords led several armies of crusaders
from Europe to Constantinople.
– The emperor of Constantinople was glad for the help, but was
suspicious that they would try and capture the capital.
– They eventually allowed them to pass through on their way to
Palestine.
• When they reached the holy city of Jerusalem they were
met with ships from Italy with supplies.
• The Turks had been fighting amongst themselves and were
not able to unite and fight off the crusaders.
• They captured the city of Jerusalem and slaughtered their
Muslims and Jews in a horrible massacre.
Timeline of Events for the First
Crusade
The city eventually
allowed them to pass
through on their way
to the Holy Land
The Turks had also
been fighting among
themselves making
them unprepared
Effects of the 1st Crusade
• Now the holy land was mostly under European
control.
• The crusaders brought their culture and
institutions into the holy land and parts of
southwest Asia.
• They set up four small states , brought European
feudalism, and encouraged trade with Europe.
• The European people that occupied the new
territory learned how to live and cooperate with
Muslims and even adapted Eastern customs.
Stop and Jot
• What are the importance of the outcomes?
The Second Crusade
• By 1146 the Turks had united their forces and
began to take back cities from the crusaders.
• The second crusade began in 1147 when two
European forces, France and Germany, led
armies to the city of Damascus where they
could not fight off the Turks and had to return
to Europe.
The Third Crusade
• In 1187 Muslim leader Saladin took control of Jerusalem .
• Three European rulers – Holy Roman Emperor Frederick
Barbarossa, King Philip II of France, and Richard I of England
- led separate armies in the third crusade.
• The European rulers once again had failed.
– Frederick Barbarossa drowned on the way to the holy land and
his army turned back.
– Phillip and Richard quarreled and Philip took his army back
home.
– Richard could not capture Jerusalem alone.
• Richard settled with a truce with Saladin.
– The crusaders received some towns along the Palestinian coast
and Christians were allowed to enter the holy land freely.
Events of the 2nd and 3rd Crusades
France and Germany
led armies to Damascus
where they could not
fight off the Turks
Three European rulers
led separate armies
towards the Holy Land.
Richard, one of the
leaders, settled a truce
with Saladin that:
The Fourth Crusade
• Innocent III and a group of French knights began the
fourth crusade in 1202.
– Sailed on ships from the Italian city-state, Venice.
• The venetians persuaded the crusaders to attack the
city of Zadar (a trade rival to Venice) along the way.
– Innocent III excommunicated the attackers because it was
a Christian city.
• Then in 1204 they attacked Constantinople, another
Christian city, and the Venetians took control of
Byzantine trade.
– It remained under western European control for 60 years
– The Byzantines eventually regained the city but did not
regain their strength and the empire collapsed.
Other Crusades
• The Children’s Crusade in 1212: young people from all
over Europe went to regain the Holy Land for Christian
Europe.
– They lacked training and supplies and many were sent
home.
– Some were tricked into boarding ships that carried them
off into slavery instead of the Holy Land.
– Thousands were lost along the journey.
• The Europeans continued the Crusades until 1291,
when the Muslims recaptured Acre.
– It was the last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land, and so
the Christians gave up and the Crusades ended.
Events of the 4th Crusade and Others
Innocent III and French
Knights sailed on Italian ships
1202 to start the 4th Crusade.
Innocent III excommunicated
some of the crusaders
because:
The Crusades continued until
1291 when:
The Children’s Crusade failed
in 1212 because:
Results of the Crusades
• The Europeans failed to gain control of the Holy Land
through the Crusades, which was the ultimate goal.
• However, they helped bring many changes to Europe.
– Learned about many new weapons and warfare tactics from the
Muslims and Byzantines.
– Many lords sold their land to raise money for the Crusades or
died fighting, giving European kings more strength and bringing
an end to the feudal system.
– The church gained strength, as the popes were important
organizers of the Crusades.
• European culture had been enriched with new ideas and
trade.
– Crusaders from all over Europe, as well as Muslims and
Byzantines, shared ideas while traveling through the Holy Land.
– Italian cities became major trading centers using their ships to
carry crusaders that would come back full of foods and goods
from southwest Asia.
• Take the next 5 minutes to go over your notes.
• When you are finished with the quiz, work on
your timeline. I have more sheets if you need
them!
Journal 1/30
• Use your own words to define the word
terrorist.
• Copy/Date/Answer