Transcript Chapter 8 notes - Plainview Schools

The High and Late Middle Ages
Chapter 8
Page 242
1050-1450
Section 1
Royal Power Grows
• A. Between 1000 and 1300, monarchs across
Europe began consolidating their power
• The modern nations would begin to emerge
B. English Kings
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Anglo Saxons conquered Britain
Began calling it England
Became more unified under King Edward
However, Edward died without heir
Nobles chose Harold
However, William, Duke of Normandy said was
promised throne
• Invaded and defeated Harold at Battle of
Hastings
• Became William The Conqueror
• William was French
• Came up with Doomsday book
– Better way to tax the people
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King Henry- 1154- educated
Came up with common lawJuryHowever, would start to have conflict with
church
• Who had more power? Taxes each other?
• Henry’s hot headed knights???
C. Evolving Traditions of Govt
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King John-not a nice guy
Lost lands in France to King Phillip II of France
Was excommunicated by Pope Innocent III
English Nobles forced him to sign the Magna
Carta- 1.
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• Also guaranteed Due Process of the Law and
Habeas corpus
• Development of Parliament
• English Kings would summon Parliament to
discuss certain items
• Eventually would become permanent with
two houses
– House of Lords
– House of Commons
• Had the power to levy taxes
D. Successful Monarchs in France
• France remained a patchwork of power lords
much longer than England
• Hugh Capet in 987 was elected King of areas
around Paris
• Eventually, his ancestors would consolidate
the lands of France
• Capetian Kings lasted 300 years- hereditary
• Phillip II- Ruthless, conquered lands that
English Nobles held in France
• Louis IX and Saint- very pius- crusaded for the
church and was sainted 30 years after his
death
• However, Louis grandson Phillip the IV clashed
with church- tried to tax church
• Eventually, papacy was “kidnapped” and
brought back to Avignon France
• Estates General?
Section 2
The Holy Roman Empire and the
Church
• A. The Holy Roman Empire
– During 1000’s, the power of monarchs was on the
rise in Europe
– Popes struggled to keep power over these
monarchs
• Holy Roman Empire
B. Otto I
• 962- Otto helps pope defeat rebellious Roman
nobles
• Crowns him Emperor of Holy Roman Empire
• Mostly Modern day Germany and Italy
• Tried to keep control, but local control
dominated
– Local lords
C. Feud between Pope and Emperor
• Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII would come
into conflict
• Who had more power? Church or State
• Gregory banned Lay investiture- put church
under state jurisdiction
• Gregory excommunicated Henry
• Henry backed down
• Concordat of Worms- compromise
D. Struggle for Italy
• Frederick Barbarossa becomes Holy Roman
Emperor
• Tries to take over all of Italy
• His son Frederick II also failed to take Italy
• Germany remained disunited for almost 600
more years
E. Church Power Reaches Its Height
• Pope Innocent III declared Papal supremacy
over all monarchs
• Any leader who defied him, he
excommunicated
• 1209- launched Albigensian Crusade in
Southern France that killed Christians that did
not adhere to official church doctrine
Section 3
The Crusades and the Wider World
• A. Loss of the Holy Land
– In the 1000’s, world cultures were beginning to
interact more and more
– Byzantine empire came into conflict with Seljuk
Turks
– The lost Asia Minor and more importantly the
Holy Land-1071
– Holy Pilgrimages could not cross into Muslim lands
B. The Crusades
• Byzantine Emperor Alexius I called on Pope
Urban II for Christian aid to put fight against
Muslims
• Council of Clermont 1095- Pope called on
Christians to liberate Holy Land
– GOD WILLS IT
• Thousands of Knights converge on Jerusalem
– Religion, wealth, honor, adventure
• Pope had motives too
– Increase papal power
– Bring Eastern Orthodox back under pope’s control
• First Crusade- Actually succeeded in taking
Jerusalem- established 4 crusader states
– Slaughtered everyone in the city
• Second Crusade- Sent to reinforce the
Crusader states
– Failed, Muslims took Jerusalem
– Muslim Leader Saladin
• 3rd Crusade- Failed to retake Jerusalem
– Famous Crusade- Richard the Lion Hearted
• 4th Crusade- Got sidetracked– Actually sacked the Christian city of
Constantinople
• 5th Crusade- Also Failed
• Last Christian stronghold fell in 1204- Port of
Acre
C. Impact of the Crusade
• Crusaders brought back goods from foreign
countries they would continue to want
• Economy’s based on currency
– Needed money to raise armies
• Church’s power rose and declined
• Power of Monarchs increased
• Europeans would continue to expand their
influence into the rest of the world
D. The Reconquista
• Religious intolerance would continue
• Muslim Moors had conquered Spain
• Ferdinand and Isabella would finish
Reconquista to expel Muslim invaders which
took 200 years
• Completed in 1492
• Then expelled Jews and Muslims
• Inquisition- get rid of heretics and other
religions in Spain
Section 4
Learning and Culture Flourish
• A. Medieval Universities Emerge
– 1100’s- Gov’t bureaucracies and clergy need
educated people to handle daily business
– Universities spring up around Europe- Salerno and
Bologna
– Students life
• 5am to 10 am classes, lunch, classes to 5 pm, rest of
night to study
• Arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, grammar,
rhetoric, and logic
• Attending 3 to 7 years
B. Europeans Acquire “New” Learning
• 1100’s, Muslims had translated Greek and
Roman literature
• This was translated into Latin which was
brought to Europe
• Some classical studies contradicted church
teachings
• Scholasticism- tried to use reason to reaffirm
church teachings- all should lead to same end
• Thomas Aquinas- Faith and reason
• New Approaches to Science and Math
– Studied Greek and Roman methods
– Adopted Arabic numerals instead of Roman
numerals
C. Medieval Literature
• Works begin appearing in the Vernacularlanguage of the region- English- French
• Epics- Song of Roland
• Dante’s Divine Comedy- Dante Alighierijourney from Heaven to hell
• Canterbury Tales- Geoffrey Chaucer
D. Architecture and Art
• Early Cathedrals dark and enclosed
• Gothic Style- Relied on Flying Buttresses to
hold up huge church ceilings- could then leave
large windows to let in large amounts of light
• Stained Glass Windows• Illuminations-
Section 5
A Time of Crisis
• A. Black Death
– 1347- traders from Genoa arrive in Messina
bringing the Bubonic Plague
– It shortly spreads through the rest of Europe and
parts of Asia
– Kills 1 in 3
– Spreads from flees on rats to people
– Epidemic kills millions
• Normal life breaks down
– Many think God is punishing the earth
– Jews and other religions blamed
– Inflation and wages rise
– Some people isolate themselves
– Much land is converted to herding grounds
putting many out of work
– Takes 100 years to recover from effects of the
plague
B. Upheaval in the Church
• Many monks and priest killed
• Pope moved to Avignon France- living in
Luxury
• Sometimes as many as 3 popes fighting for
control
• Schism
• Eventually, all popes discredited and
compromise pope Martin V elected and sent
back to Rome
• John Wycliffe and Jan Hus lead many away
from church
• Why do priest live in such luxury? They are
corrupt
• Translate Bible into English and other
languages
• Don’t have to rely on the church
• Many executed as heretics
C. Hundreds Year War
• Between 1337 and 1453
• English try to hold onto French lands as France
tries to unite it’s territory
• English Victories
– Crecy in 1346, Poitiers in 1356, Agincourt 1415
– Longbow was deadly weapon
D. Joan of Arc
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1429- 17 year old peasant claims sent by God
Leads French Army to several victories
Captured and burned as a witch
However, rallied French to many victories
Cannon also helped
More powerful weapons made knights
obsolete
• Castles and private armies became less
powerful as monarchs turned to profession
paid armies