Transcript CHAPTER 9 final outline

I the Holy Roman Empire & the
Church
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A by the High Middle Ages Popes & Monarchs were
extending their authority and spreading their
influences.
II the Holy Roman Empire
A After Charlamagne’s death
1) His empire dissolved into a number of separate
states
 B Otto 1
1) Worked closely with the church
2) Appointed bishops to top Gov.. jobs
3) Sent an army into Italy to help the Pope
 C Conflict begins
1)
Emperors were mad over the appointment of
government officials.
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III Conflict between
Popes and Emperors
A Pope Gregory VII
1)He
was a reforming and controversial Pope
2) He banned lay investiture- therefore only the Pope
had the right to appoint and install bishops
 B Emperor Henry IV
1)Henry
argued that bishops held their lands as royal fiefs
2)The two men exchanged insulting notes, which
fueled the feud
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•C
the struggle intensifies
1) Gregory excommunicated Henry in 1076
2)The
Pope headed north to elect a new emperor
3)Henry was
soon forced to make peace with the Pope, and presented
himself to Gregory as a repentant sinner. 4)Gregory knew
that Henry was just trying to regain his throne, but as a
priest had to forgive him.
5)Henry took revenge on
Gregory by sending and army into Rome, & forcing Gregory
into exile.
• D Concordat of worms
1) After 50 years of arguing, both sides accepted the treaty
known as the Concordat of worms
2) In it, they agreed that the Church had sole power to elect
Church officials.
IV the struggle form Italy
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A Frederick Barabossa
1) Also called Frederick I, or Red Beard
2) He fought for years to bring the cities of northern Italy under his
control
3) The Pope, along with the Lombard league, defeated his armies.
4) arranged the marriage of his son, Henry, and Constance
B Frederick II
1) The son of Henry and Constance
2) An able, arrogant leader
3) He tried, and failed, to seize the cities of Northern Italy
C Effects on Germany and Italy
1) German noble became more independent
2) Southern Italy faced years of upheaval
3) a local uprising against French rule in Sicily led to 200 years of
chaos as French and Spanish rivals battled for power
4) The region was left in ruins
V The Height of Church Power
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A Pope Innocent the Third
1)embodied the triumph of the church
2)claimed supremacy over all other rulers
3) clashed with powerful leaders of his day
4) excommunicated the King of England because he
didn’t agree with his appointment of an arch bishop
5)also excommunicated France when Phillip II tried to
annul his marriage
B The Crusade
1) In 1209 Innocent and Phillip II launched a brutal
crusade against the Albigensians
2) Tens f thousands were slaughtered in this crusade
3) After Innocent’s death, Popes continued to press their
claim to supremacy
4) The Papacy entered a period of decline after
engineering the election of a French Pope
The World in 1050
In 1050 as Western Europe was
emerging from a period of isolation,
civilizations were going elsewhere.
Islam had given rise to a new civilization that
stretched from
Spain to India.
 China’s culture had flourished and influenced
neighboring peoples under the control of the Tang
and Song dynasties.
 The Mayas had cleared rain forests and built cities
with towering temples across the Atlantic.
 Near Western Europe the Byzantine empire was
generally prosperous and united.
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The Crusades
Alexius I, the Byzantine emperor, asked Pope Urban II for
Christian knights to help him fight the Turks.
Motives
• By 1096, thousands of knights were on their way to the Holy Land.
• Many knights hoped to win health and land.
• Urban hoped to increase his power in Europe and perhaps heal the schism, between
the Roman and Byzantine churches.
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Victories and Defeats
• Christian knights captured Jerusalem in 1099.
• They capped their victory with a massacre of Muslim and Jewish residents of the
city.
• The crusaders divided their captured lands into four small states.
• By 1187, Jerusalem had fallen to the able Muslim leader Salah al-Din.
• During the Fourth Crusade, the Crusaders were diverted from fighting Muslims to
fighting Christians.
• By 1291, Muslims captured the last Christian outpost, the port city of Acre
Effects of the Crusades on Europe
In the Middle East, both Christians and Muslims committed
appalling atrocities in the name of religion.
Economic Expansion
• The Crusaders introduced fabrics, spices, and perfumes from the Middle East to Europe.
• Merchants in Venice built large fleets to carry crusaders to the Holy Land to carry on trade
• The Crusaders further encouraged the growth of a money economy.
Increased Power for Monarchs
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Feudal monarchs won new rights to levy or collect taxes in order to support
the Crusaders.
The Church
• Enthusiasm for the Crusades brought papal power to its greatest height.
A Wider Worldview
• Contacts with the Muslim world led Christians to realize that millions of
people lived in regions they had never known existed.
The Reconquista in Spain
The crusading spirit flourished in Spain where Christian warriors
had been battling Muslims for centuries.
Christian Advances
• Efforts by Christian warriors to expel the Muslims began in the 700s.
• Their first real success did not come, however, until 1085, when they
recaptured the city of Toledo.
• By 1300, Christians controlled the entire Iberian Peninsula.
Ferdinand and Isabella
• In 1469, Isabella of Castile married Ferinand of Aragon.
• Isabella was determined to bring religious as well as political unity to Spain.
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With the support of the Inquisition, a Church court set up to try people accused of
heresy, Isabella launched a brutal crusade against Jews and Muslims
I. The Black Death
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B)
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C)
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Reached beyond Italy to Spain and France. (1348)
A Global Epidemic
1. Sickness was bubonic plague.
○ A) A disease spread by fleas on rats.
2. In the premodern world, rats infested ships, towns, and even
the homes of the rich and powerful.
3.
“India was depopulated.”
Social Upheaval
1. In Europe, the plague brought terror and bewilderment.
2. Normal life broke down!
3. Boccaccio, An Italian poet, described the social decay that he
witnessed in Florence.
Economic Effects
1. Production declined and survivors demanded higher wages.
2. As the cost of labor soared, inflation, or rising prices, broke out
too.
3. Plague spread both death and social unrest.
II. Upheaval in the Church
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The late middle ages brought spiritual crisis, scandal,
and division to the Roman Catholic Church.
A) Divisions within the Catholic Church
1. The church was unable to provide the strong leadership
needed in desperate time.
2. Reformers tried to end the “captivity”
A) In 1378, reformers elected their own pope to rule from
Rome.
B) New Heresies
1. Popular preachers challenged its power.
2. John Wycliffe, An oxford professor, insisted that
the bible, not the church, was the source of all Christian truth
III. The hundred year’s war
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England and France fought a series of conflicts, known as the
hundred years’ war.
A) Causes
1. English rulers had battled for centuries to hold onto the French lands
of their Norman ancestors.
2. War erupted anew between these rival powers.
A) Once fighting started, economic rivalry and a growing sense of
National pride made it hard for either side to give up the struggle.
B) English Victories
1. English won a string of victories at Crecy in 1346, Poiters 10 years
later and Agincourt in 1415.
A) Owned much of their success to the longbow wielded by English
archers.
2. English Victories took a heavy toll on French Morale.
D)
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Joan of Arc and French victory
In 1429, A 17-year-old peasant woman, Joan of Arc,
appeared at the court of Charles VII, the uncrowned king of
France.
○ A) She told Charles that God had sent her to save
France.
○ B)
Joan inspired the battered and despairing French
troops to fight anew.
E) Effects
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The Hundred Years’ War set France and England on
different paths.
○ A) The Hundred Years’ War brought many changes to
the late medieval world.
2. Feudal society was changing.