Transcript Chapter 12 - Glasgow Independent Schools

Chapter 12
Industrialization and Nationalism
Section 1: The Industrial Revolution
• Began in Great Britain in the 1780s
– Increase in food supply due to expansion of farmland
and good weather
– Population increase due to increased food supplies
– Supply of money for investment
– Abundant natural resources (water supply, coal and
iron ore)
– Supply of markets
• Took several decades to spread to other Western
nations
• Spread of Industrialization
– Spread to the rest of Europe at different times and
speeds
– Occurred in the United States during the first half
of the 1800s (1820 – 1870).
• In 1807, Robert Fulton built the first paddle-wheel steamboat,
called the Clermont. By 1860, thousands of steamboats could be
found traveling up and down the MS river and along the Great
Lakes and Atlantic Coast.)
• Most important transportation system was the railroad. By 1860,
about 30,000 miles of track covered the U.S.
• Social Impact in Europe
– Growth of cities
• By 1850, population had almost doubled to 266 million.
– Causes: decline in death rates, wars, and diseases
– Rapid growth of cities led to pitiful living conditions for the
inhabitants
– Creation of two new social classes: industrial
middle class and industrial working class
• Industrial middle class: made up of people who built
the factories
• Industrial working class: made up of the individuals that
worked in the factories.
– Work hours ranged from 12 to 16 hours a day, six days a week
– No minimum wage
– Worst conditions were found in the cotton mills and the coal
mines
• The pitiful conditions of the Industrial
Revolution led to the movement known as
socialism.
Section 2: Reaction and Revolution
• Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia met
at the Congress of Vienna in 1814 to restore
order after the fall of Napoleon.
– Main idea was conservatism – rulers wanted to
conserve the forces of change brought about by
the French Revolution. It was based on tradition
and favored obedience to political authority and
organized religion.
• However, liberalism and nationalism would
demand changes.
– Liberalism: believed that people should be as free
from government control as possible.
• Believed in common set of rights: freedom of assembly,
speech, press, etc…
• Did not believe in a democracy…they believed in a
constitutional monarchy.
– Nationalism: awareness of one’s part of community, with
common traditions, language, customs, etc…
• Groups wanted a central government for their state, or region.
• These ideas led to revolutions in several countries.
–
–
–
–
France (set up a constitutional monarchy)
Belgium (created an independent state from the Dutch)
Poland*
Italy*
* not as successful as France and Belgium
• Revolutions of 1848
– Economic hardships and problems of the lower
class in France led to another revolution.
• The monarchy was overthrown in 1848.
• New constitution written was ratified on November 4,
1848 and established a republic (Second Republic).
• Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was elected
president.
• Germany
– The 38 independent German states wanted to
create a German parliament (Frankfurt Assembly)
that would establish a uniform system and drafted
a constitution. However, it was not easily
enforced and German unification was not
established.
• Italy
– Revolutionaries in the Italian states tried to create
a unified Italy, but failed.
**end of notes**
Section 3: National Unification and
the National State
• Even though the revolutions of 1848 failed,
Germany and Italy would be unified by 1871.
– This was possible because of the Crimean War.
• Fought between Russia and the Ottoman Empire.
• Russia wanted to expand their territory into Ottoman lands.
• England and France were fearful of Russian gains and
declared war on Russia
• Russia suffered heavy losses, causing them to seek peace
• Russia withdrew from foreign affairs for the next 20 years
• Italian Unification
– People looked to the northern state of Piedmont
for leadership in unifying Italy.
– King Victor Emmanuel II named Camillo di Cavour
as his prime minister.
• Cavour increased government revenues and equipped the
kingdom with a large army.
• He made an alliance with France and then provoked the Austrians
into invading Piedmont.
• This resulted in some of the Italian states joining Piedmont
– In south Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi raised an army,
known as the Red Coats.
• After taking control of Sicily, they marched northward,
seizing control of several territories.
• Garibaldi turned over his conquests to Piedmont.
• On March 17, 1861, a new kingdom of Italy was
proclaimed under King Victor Emmanuel II.
– Rome would not be annexed until September 20, 1870, after
the French withdrew during the Franco-Prussian War.
• German Unification
– After the failure of the Frankfurt Assembly,
Germans turned Prussia for help in unification.
• Prussia was a strong and prosperous state known for its military
strength.
• The prime minister Otto von Bismarck, was a practitioner of
realpolitik – the “politics of reality.”
• He collected taxes to increase and strengthen the army.
• Prussia gained control of the northern German states from the
Austrians.
• Afraid of French invasion, the southern states formed an alliance
with Bismarck and the northern states.
• In 1870, France and Prussia went to war over the
throne of Spain in the Franco-Prussian War.
• The French were no match for the better led and
organized Prussian army.
• On September 2, 1870, the entire French army and the
French ruler, Napoleon III, were captured. France
signed a peace treaty giving up the last remaining
states of German territory.
• On January 18, 1871, William I of Prussia was
proclaimed kaiser of the Second German Empire.
• Nationalism and Reforms in Europe
– Great Britain
• Parliament continued to make both social and political
reforms that helped the country to remain stable.
• National pride was reflected through the leadership of
Queen Victoria.
– France
• Louis-Napoleon wanted to restore the empire.
• On December 2, 1852, he took the title of Napoleon III
Emperor of France.
• Even though he completely controlled the government,
he focused on expanding the economy.
– He helped foster the rapid construction of railroads, harbors,
roads, and canals. Iron production tripled.
– He also rebuilt the city of Paris by building broad boulevards,
spacious buildings, public squares, an underground sewage
system, and a new public water supply system.
• After the French were defeated in the Franco-Prussian
War, the Second Empire fell.
– Russia
• After defeat in the Crimean War, Czar Alexander II
decided to make serious reforms.
– He freed the serfs, allowing them to own property and marry
as they chose.
– He attempted other reforms as well but soon realized that he
could not please everyone.
– A group of radicals assassinated Alexander II in 1881.
– His son and successor, Alexander III, turned against reform
and returned to the old methods of repression.
– Nationalism in the United States
• National unity was not easy.
– Bitter division over the new government
» Federalists wanted a strong central government while the
Republicans wanted the federal government to be
subordinate to the state governments.
» The War of 1812 with the British would help end this
division.
– Bitter division over the issue of slavery
» 4 million slaves in the south by 1860
» Northern movement to abolish slavery challenged the
southern way of life
» On December 20, 1860, a South Carolina convention
decided to secede (withdraw) from the United States.
» In February 1861, six more states did the same.
• They created the Confederate States of America
» In April, fighting broke out between North (Union) and
South (Confederacy).
» The American Civil War (1861 – 1865) was a bloody
struggle.
• 60,000 soldiers died
» The Union, with more men and resources, gradually wore
down the Confederacy.
• On April 9, 1865, the Confederacy surrendered.
• The United States would now be “one nation,
indivisible.”
**end of notes**
Section 4: Culture: Romanticism
and Realism
• A new intellectual movement began at the
end of the 18th century known as
romanticism.
– It emerged as a reaction to the ideas of the
Enlightenment.
– The romantics emphasized feelings, emotion, and
imagination as well as individualism – the
uniqueness of each person.
– Many romantics were passionate about the past.
They revived medieval architecture by building
castles, cathedrals, and railway stations in a style
called neo-Gothic.
– The exotic and unfamiliar also attracted the
romantics. This gave rise to Gothic literature.
• Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein
• Edgar Allen Poe wrote short horror stories
• To most romantics, music was the most
romantic of the arts.
– Ludwig van Beethoven was one of the greatest
composers of all time.
• New Age of Science
– Edward Jenner discovered a vaccine for smallpox.
– Louis Pasteur proposed the germ theory of
disease.
– Michael Faraday built a primitive generator which
began the use of electric current.
– Charles Darwin published a book based on the
idea that each kind of plant and animal had
evolved over time. He also believed in the idea of
natural selection.
• Realism
– Literary and visual arts movement – started after 1850
– Wanted to express ordinary characters from actual life
– Charles Dickens wrote about the lower and middle classes
in the Industrial Age
• Oliver Twist and David Copperfield described the urban poor and
the brutal life they led with vivid realism
– Gustave Courbet, an artist, portrayed scenes from
everyday life, with subjects like factory workers, peasants,
etc…
**end of notes**