Transcript Chapter 23 Notes - Martin`s Mill ISD

Chapter 23 Notes
Nationalism Triumphs in
Europe
Section 1
Building a German Nation
Steps Toward Unity
- Otto von Bismark was determined to build a
strong, unified German state, with Prussia at its
head
Impact of Napoleon
– Important territorial changes in German-speaking
lands
Annexed lands along the Rhine and dissolved the Holy
Roman Empire into German states known as the Rhine
Confederation
– Napoleon’s Reforms
Free serfs, easier trade, and abolished laws against Jews
Created resentment toward the French and increased
nationalism; eventually led to a united Germany
Bismark and German Unity
Otto von Bismark
– A part of Prussia’s Junker class; conservative landowning nobles
– Named chancellor –
Had the German states unified in a decade
Master of Realpolitik – Power more important than principles
– Primary loyalty was to the Hohenzollerns, the ruling dynasty of
Prussia
Strengthening the Army
– Strengthened the army even though the legislature voted to not
give funds
– Had an aggressive foreign policy; led Prussia into 3 wars
Bismark and German Unity
Wars with Denmark and Austria
– Formed an alliance with Austria in 1864; took over
provinces in Denmark
– 1866: attacked Austria annexed German states
The Franco-Prussian War (1870)
– Bismark used propaganda to fuel German nationalism
and rivalry with France
– Forged a note from Prussian king to Napoleon III of
France; France declared war on Prussia; what
Bismark wanted
– A superior Prussian forced crushed French opposition
within a few weeks.
The German Empire
The victory over France gave German princes
confidence to persuade King William I of Prussia
to take title of kaiser –
Jan 1871: celebrated birth of Second Reich –
– Considered it heir to the Holy Roman Empire
Constitution set up a two-house leg.
– Bundesrat - upper house; appointed by rulers of
German states; could veto any decisions of Reichstag
– Reichstag – lower house; elected by universal male
suffrage
Real power rest in the hands of the emperor and
his chancellor
Section 2
Strengthening Germany
The German Industrial Giant
- By late 1800’s, German chemical and electrical industries
were setting the standard worlwide; 2nd in shipping
Economic Progress
– Ample iron and coal resources
– Growing population provided a disciplined and educated work
force
– Had large companies and many railroads
Science, Government, and Industry
– Developed synthetic chemicals and dyes
– Fixed technological problems in factories
– Developed a single currency, reorganized banking, and
coordinated railroads
– Protected home industries from foreign competition through
tariffs
The Iron Chancellor
Foreign Policy Goals
– Wanted to keep France weak
– Build strong links with Austria and Russia
– Left Britain alone for the time being
Domestic Goals
– Erase loyalties and crush all opposition to the imperial state
Catholic Church
Socialists
Campaign against the Church
– Thought Catholics loyalty was to the pope instead of Germany
– Launched Kulturkampf –
Goal was to make Catholics put loyalty to the state above allegiance to the
Church
– This move backfired because of the strength of the Catholic population;
realized his mistake and made peace with Church
The Iron Chancellor
Campaign Against the Socialists
– Feared that socialists would undermine the loyalty of
German workers and turn them toward revolution
– Once again this backfired and Bismark made
changes to accommodate the growing socialist
sentiment
Health and accident insurance; old age insurance/retirement
benefits
– It did show that conditions for workers could be
improved without the upheaval of revolution; became
model for rest of Europe
Kaiser William II
Rose to power in 1888; forced Bismark to
resign by 1890
– Believed in divine right; was very nationalistic
Introduced social welfare –
– Cheap transportation, electricity, public
schools
Strengthened an already powerful German
military and competed with Britain and
France for an overseas empire
Section 5
Russia: Reform and Reaction
Conditions in Russia
Colossus –
– By 1815, was the largest, most populous
nation in Europe
– Immense natural resources
– Autocratic government and expansionist aims
caused dissent in Europe
Conditions in Russia
Obstacle to Progress
– Remained economically undeveloped
– Czars didn’t want to give up absolute power
– Rigid social structure
Landowning nobles dominated society and rejected any change
Middle class too small to have influence
Majority were serfs and bound to land
Serfdom
– Made up of peasants but could be servants, artisans, or soldiers
forced into army
– Knew serfdom was inefficient
– Landowning nobles had no reason to improve agriculture and
took little interest in industry
Russian Absolutism
Nicholas I and Absolutism
– 3 pillars of Russian Absolutism
Orthodoxy – strong ties between Russian
Orthodox Church and the government
Autocracy – the absolute power of the state
Nationalism – respect for Russian traditions and
suppression of non-Russian groups within empire
– Tried to make reforms but didn’t want to
weaken power of the czar by angering the
nobles
Reforms of Alexander II
Defeat in Crimean War showed Russia’s backwardness
Social
– Emancipation – Still couldn’t afford land or were given too small of plots
Political
– System of local governments; zemstovs –
Responsible for road repair, schools, ag; some self-government
– Legal reforms
Trial by jury, eased censorship, reformed militray
Economic
– Encouraged growth of industry
Reaction to Change
- Changes didn’t come as quickly as the people wanted;
Alexander II was eventually assassinated
Crackdown
– Alexander III increased power of secret police, restored strict
censorship, and exiled critics to Siberia
– Launched a program called Russification
Insisted on one language, Russian, and one church, Russian
Orthodox.
Other groups were persecuted; also targeted Jews and Muslims
Persecution and Pogroms
– Limited amount of Jews to study in universities and some jobs
– Forced Jews to live in restricted areas
– Encourage pogroms –
Police did nothing to stop it; many Jews fled and took refuge in
United States
Building Russian Industry
Finally entered the industrial age by 1890
– Encouraged railroad building to connect mines and factories and to
transport goods
– Trans-Siberian Railroad: linked European Russia to the Pacific Ocean
New Social Ills
– Peasants flocking to cities for jobs found difficult working and living
conditions
Radicals sought support from workers
– Socialists handed out pamphlets to factory workers preaching
revolutionary ideas of Karl Marx
– Among the revolutionaries was Vladimir Ulyanov
Brother was executed by Alexander III
Used an alias – Lenin
Would take power through a revolution in 1917 that would transform Russia
Turning Point: Crisis and Revolution
- Russia suffered and humiliating defeat in a war with
Japan in 1904.
A Peaceful March
– Much dissent among the people of Russia
– Protests, workers went on strike, and liberals called for a new
constitution
– An Orthodox priest organized a peaceful parade that led up to
the czar’s Winter Palace with a petition for justice and freedom
Bloody Sunday – Jan 22, 1905
– Czar called in soldiers fearing a mob
– As protesters approached soldiers opened fire and killed
hundreds of men and women
– People lost faith and trust in the czar
Turning Point: Crisis and Revolution
The Revolution of 1905
– Strikes multiplied, workers took over local governments, peasants
demanded land, minorities called for autonomy from Russia
– Terrorists began targeting government officials
– October Manifesto
Czar Nicholas II promised ‘’freedom of person, conscience, speech,
assembly, and union.”
– Duma –
No law would go into effect without approval
Results of the Revolution
– Manifesto won over moderates and isolated socialists
– Dissolved the Duma and appointed Peter Stolypin as prime minister
Arrests, pogroms, and executions followed
– Introduced moderate land reforms, strengthened zemstovs and
improved education.
– These reforms were too limited to meet the broad needs of most
Russians, and dissatisfaction still simmered.