Transcript Chapter 10 Section 4

Chapter 10
Nationalism Triumphs in Europe
Mike Donahue, Mike Kane, Tom
Finn, Matt McMonagle, Colin
Sulpizio and Bruce Evans
Taking Steps Toward Unity
 Napoleon Raids German Lands
– Annexed lands along the Rhine River
– Some accepted Napoleon, Some did not like the
change.
– Feelings rose for a Unified German State
• Zollverein
– Dismantled tariff barriers between
many German States
• Frankfurt Assembly
– Demanded public unity
– Offered throne of unified German
State to Frederick William IV of
Prussia
 He rejected the offer
Bismark Unites Germany
 Otto von Bismark
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Came from Prussia’s Junker Class
Servered as a diplomat in Russia and France
King William I made Bismark Prime Minister
He becomes a chancellor
 Highest official in a monarch
Use blood and Iron policy to unite German States under
Prussian Rule
His Success was due to his strong will
Was master of Realpolitik
 Realistic politics based on needs of the state
He was primarily loyal to Hohenzollerns, the ruling dynatsy in
Prussia
 He felt unification of Germany would strengthen the
Hohenzollerns
The Prussian Army
 Bismark tried to strength the army
– But legislature denied funding
– Bismark used money collected from other purposes
– He army was ready for battle
 Prussia declares war on Austria
– Prussians defeat Austria in seven week and then annexed (took
control of) North German States
 Franco-Prussian War of 1870
– Bismark stirs up German Nationalism
– Bismark instigates Napoleon the war begins
– The Superior Prussian and German troops crush France
Birth of German Empire
 William named Kaiser
– Princes from North and South Germany persuade William I of
Prussia to take the title of kaiser (emperor)
 January 1871
– German nationalists celebrated the birth of the second Reich
(empire)
 New Government in Germany
– Bismark drafts a Constitution
– Two-House legislature
– Bundesrat (upper house) and Reichstag (lower house) voted for
universal male suffrage
– Bundesrat made up of the emperor and his chancellor and held
real power with the veto
Section 2
Germany Strengthens
Germany Becomes an Industrial Giant
 Making Economic Progress
–Germany had an ample supply of iron and coal, and had an
educated and disciplined workforce
–The population increased from 41 million people in 1871 to 67
million in 1914
Social and Economic Development
–Industrialists in Germany saw value in synthetic
dyes and chemicals
–In 1872, Germany issued a single currency
system and recognized the banks
The Iron Chancellor
 In 1871, Otto von Bismarck became the chancellor
of Germany
– He was nicknamed the Iron Chancellor and wanted to keep France
weak while building strong links with Russia and Austria
 Campaign Against the Church
– Bismarck distrusted the priests in Germany because he thought that
they were more loyal to the Church than to the Germany. As a result
of this, Bismarck launched the Kulturkampf, or “battle for civilization”
– The Kulturkampf forced German priests and Catholics to make
Germany their first loyalty instead of the Catholic Church
– The move failed. The faithful Catholics rebelled against
the Kulturkampf and forced Bismarck to make peace
with the Catholic Church in 1878
 Campaign Against Socialists
– Bismarck feared that socialists would undermine the
loyalty of German workers and make them start a
revolution.
– To turn workers away from socialism, he made laws to
protect them such as health, accident, and old-age
insurance
– Bismarck showed that conditions for workers could be
improved without a revolution. Bismarck’s policies were
used by other European nations later on
Kaiser William II
 In 1888, William II succeeded his
grandfather as Kaiser
 In 1890, he asked Otto von Bismarck to resign his
position
– William II believed that his right to rule came directly from God
 He started social welfare and made transportation
cheaper
– Social Welfare: Programs to help certain
groups of people
 Spent a lot of money on the military
– Tried to build up the German navy to compete with
Britain and France. This built tensions between the
countries and eventually led to World War I
Flag of the Roman
Republic-1849
Flag of the Kingdom of
Sardinia-1848
Obstacles to Italian Unity
•Austria controlled much of northern Italy, while the Hapsburgs
ruled other Italian states.
•Idea of unified Italy was absurd
•Giuseppe Mazzini
•Established Young Italy- secret society whose goal was to make Italy a
free, independent, republican nation
•Mazzini was a nationalist who believed a unified Italy made sense
geographically, culturally, and economically
Giuseppe
Mazzini
The Struggle for Italy
• In 1852, Count Camillo Cavour is appointed prime minister of Sardinia by Victor
Emmanuel, the constitutional monarch of the island
• Cavour was a monarchist who believed in Realpolitik and his long term goal was to end
Austrian power in Italy
• 1858- Cavour negotiates secret deal with Napoleon, who promises to help Sardinia
if they go to war with Austria. This war happens the next year, and France helps
Sardinia defeat Austria
• Giuseppe Garibaldi- nationalist and ally of Mazzini who wanted to create an Italian
republic
• 1860- Garibaldi recruits force of 1,000 “Red Shirts” who win control of Sicily
• Italy is united at last
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Garibaldi unites Naples and Sicily and, eventually, he and the
Sardinians gain control of Venetia and Rome
Camillo
Giuseppe
Garibaldi
Cavour
The New Nation Faces Challenges
• Nation Divided
– North was richer and had more cities than south
– Hostility between Italy and Roman Catholic Church
• Turmoil in Italy
– Radicals struggle against a conservative government
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• Socialists had strikes; anarchists turned to violence
Italy Develops Economically
– Industrialization leads to urbanization as peasants move to cities
looking for jobs in factories
– This causes a population explosion
which leads to emigration
• Many Italians move to U.S.,
Canada, and Latin America
Nationalism
Threatens Old
Empires
Background: The Balkans 1817-1877 and 1878-1912
Chapter 10 Section 4
The End of the Hapsburg Empire
 1800- Hapsburgs are oldest ruling family in Europe
– Control areas of Austria, Romania, Poland, Ukraine, Italy,
and Hungary
 In Austria, fought to stop liberal ideas after Congress
of Vienna
– Could not stop changes brought by industrialization
– Presided over multinational empire
 Caused feelings of nationalism
 Francis Joseph Grants inherits throne
Crest of
– Last ruler of Hapsburg Empire
Hapsburg Empire
– Made new constitution and set up legislature
 Legislative body mostly German- did not satisfy other ethnic groups
Background: Flag of Hapsburg Empire
Austria-Hungary Creates
Dual Monarchy
 1866- Austria loses a war to Prussia
Ferenc Deák
– Causes Hungarians to call for change in government
 Hungarian Ferenc Deák compromised with Austrians by forming
a Dual Monarchy
– Dual Monarchy (ruled by Francis Joseph) consisted of two
completely separate governments in all ways except the ministries
of finance, defense and foreign affairs
 Despite changes, some Hungarians were still
dissatisfied
– Called for all Slavs to fight together for their autonomy
– By 1900, government control had been greatly
diminished by many social and political tribulations
Collapse of the Ottoman Empire
 Like Hapsburgs, ruled over
multinational/multicultural empire
(background picture)
– Nationalists wanted their own, separate
governments
– Many Balkan national groups took after Greece
and Serbia and staged their own revolts
 European powers (Eng, Fr, Russ, Aus-Hun)
took advantage of crumbling Empire to
expand their borders
– Created “Balkan Powder Keg” – too many
countries fighting over a small, unstable area
 Tensions could lead to large-scale global war…….
WWI
Условия в российском
Обществе
 Conditions in Russian Society
By 1815, Russia had become the most
vast, populated nation of Europe and
distinguished as a strong world power
with countless resources.
 Tsars recognized the need to modernize,
but refused to give up power.
 Social Structure- Landowning nobles
dominated; small, powerless middle class;
The majority of Russians consisted of
serfs, peasants.
 Many enlightened Russians were
convinced that serfdom restrained the
economy from stepping forward.
 Tsars, traditionally imposing an
unquestionable will upon society,
attempted liberal reform, but their
efforts were squashed by another Tsar.
 Neither the Enlightenment nor the
French Revolution had lasting affects on
Russian society
Революция в России
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Revolution In Russia
1855- Alexander II comes to throne during Crimean
War.
Russia attempts to expand its borders into the
Ottoman Empire, thus starting the Crimean War
against Britain, France and the Ottoman Turks. Russia
suffered defeat and realized that drastic change
must take place.
Alexander II agreed with liberal demands and issued an
emancipation, freedom of the serfs.
Although at first peasants were too poor to sustain
their farmlands, they fled to cities to work in Russian
factories and boosted the drive for reform
Alexander established local governments called
zemtovs, responsible for schools, roads and
agricultural matters.
Legal Reforms: trial by jury, military service reduced,
less brutal discipline and encouraged industrial
expansion.
Serfs had freedom but no land to build on. Liberals
wanted a constitution and elected legislature.
Radicals sought to have even more changes, like the
West.
These failures sparked anger that caused radicals to
resort to terrorism and eventually the assassination
of Alexander II on March 13, 1881.
Лидеры Обращаются к
Судебному преследованию
 Leaders Resort to
Prosecution
 Alexander III responded to his
father’s assassination by wiping
out revolutionaries and
liberals, just as Nicholas I.
 Non- Russian peoples within the
empire the were persecuted.
 Under the rule of Alexander III,
persecution of Jewish people
increased, limited amounts of
Jews were allowed to study in
universities.
 Russian-Jews were limited to
their choice of profession.
 Pogroms, violent mob attacks,
were the cause of many
Russians to flee Russia,
becoming refugees, and set
course for the United States.
Толчок к Промышленности
 A Push to Industry
 Russia begins to industrialize under Alexander III and
his son Nicholas II.
 Nicholas focused on economic development,
resulting in the Trans-Siberian Railroad (linked
European Russia to Pacific Ocean).
 Government officials praised the industrialization
while peasants feared its changes. Peasants fled to
cities only to find long and low wages inside
dangerous factories.
 Socialists preached revolutionary ideas of Karl
Marx outside the factories and protested.
Революция и Кровопролитие
 Revolution and Bloodshed
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Protesters poured into the streets
in front of the tsar’s Winter Palace
on Sunday, January 22, 1905.
Here, they petitioned for freedom
and justice and were shot by
Russian soldiers by order of the
tsar. This was known as “Bloody
Sunday”.
Soon after, there were many
strikes and attempts at
assassination.
Nicholas promised freedom and
summoned an elected national
legislature, called a Duma. The
Duma set laws into effect.
Peter Stolypin, appointed prime
minister, organized arrests ,
pogroms and executions in order
to maintain order. He recognized
the need to reform.(introduced
land reforms)
Stolypin was assassinated in 1911
“The tsar has deserted
us!”
Works Cited
 http://www.lotsofessays.com/viewpaper/1693748.html
 http://www.thecorner.org/hist/wwi/national.htm
 http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/nationalism/historicalevolution-of-nationalism.html
 http://weuropeanhistory.suite101.com/article.cfm/early_1
9th_century_revolutionary_movements
 www.historyofnations.net/europe/germany.html
 http://www.factmonster.com/ikpa/A0107568.html
 www.germanculture.com.ua/library/facts/bl_germany.htm
 http://www.facts-about.org.uk/history-and-eventstimeline-german.htm
 (The Textbook – Chapter 10)