Transcript Unifying Italy

Unifying Italy
What was Giuseppe Mazzini and what did
he want to do?
 He was a revolutionary determined to bring about a
unified Italy.
 Who was the shrewd politician who did the most to
bring about a unified Italy?
 Count Camillo Cavour
 What was the major obstacle to Italian unity?
 Frequent warfare and foreign rule had led people to
identify with local regions.
How did the Congress of Vienna address Italian
nationalism?
 They ignored the nationalists who hoped to end
centuries of foreign rule.
 What became of the nationalist revolts that
exploded across northern Italy from 1820-1848?
 The rebels were crushed by Austrian troops.
 What did Mazzini do in 1830?
 He founded Young Italy, a group that hoped to
create a unified Italy. He set up a revolutionary
republic in Rome that was crushed by the French.
How was Count Camillo Cavour like Bismarck?
 He was a monarchist that believed in
Realpolitik, and he was a shrewd politician
willing to use most any means to reach his
ends.
 What were two main goals of Cavour?
 He wanted to improve the economy by
supporting free trade, building railroads, and
improving farming. Next he wanted to end
Austria’s power in Italy and to annex Lombardy
and Venetia.
Why did Cavour negotiate a secret deal
with Napoleon III in 1858?
 He wanted France to support him if he went to
war with Austria, which Sardinia did. This
enabled Sardinia to annex several Italian
states.
 Who were the Red Shirts and what did they do?
 They were a group of revolutionaries led by
Giuseppe Garibaldi, an ally of Mazzini, that
with the help of Cavour over took the southern
states of Sicily and Naples.
 Cavour feared Garibaldi would set up his own
state in the south.
The Sardinians overran the Papal states and linked up
with Garibaldi and his forces in Naples.
 In a patriotic move Garibaldi turned over
Naples and Sicily to Victor Emmanuel.
 In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was crowned king
of Italy.
 After the Austro-Prussian War Italy acquired
Venetia.
 During the Franco Prussian War in 1870, France
was forced to withdraw its troops from Rome.
For the first time since the fall of the Roman
empire Italy was a unified land.
What was the main challenge that faced the
new nation of Italy?
 Strong regional rivalries left Italy unable to solve
critical national issues.
 What two regions had the greatest differences?
 The North and the South were very different. The
North was richer with more cities, while the South was
more rural, poor, and the farmland was exhausted.
How was the new government of a unified Italy
organized?
 It was a constitutional monarchy with a two-house
legislature. The upper house was selected by the King
Victor Emmanuel. The lower house was elected, but
(unlike Germany) few people could vote and any bill
passed by the lower house could be vetoed by the
upper house.
In the late 1800s unrest increased in Italy.
 Radicals struggled against the conservative
government.
 Socialist organized strikes.
 Anarchists, people who wanted to abolish all
government, turned to sabotage and violence.
 Slowly the government extended suffrage to
more men and passed laws to improve social
conditions.
 Emigration, people moving away from their
homeland, to places like the United States
relieved some of the pressure of overpopulation
and improved living conditions in Italy.
Nationalism
Threatens Old
Empires
What family had led the Holy Roman Empire for
nearly 400 years?
 Hapsburgs
 Who dissolved the Holy Roman Empire?
 Napoleon
 Why did nationalism bring new strength to
some countries and weaken others?
 In Germany where most of the people shared a
common culture and language it strengthened
the country. In Eastern and Central Europe the
Austrian Hapsburg and Ottoman Empires ruled
lands with diverse ethnic groups. These
groups began to develop nationalistic feelings
and wanted to be independent of the empires.
In 1800 what was the oldest ruling dynasty in
Europe?
 Hapsburg
 Who ruled Austria after the Congress of Vienna?
 Francis I
 Who was the foreign minister?
 Metternich
 What was their philosophy for governing?
 “Rule and change nothing” Conservative
 By mid 1800s what percentage of people in the
Austrian Empire were German speaking?
 25%
When did Francis Joseph inherit the Hapsburg throne
and how long did he rule?
 1848-1916
 What happened to Austria in 1859?
 It suffered a humiliating defeat to France and
Sardinia.
 What reforms did Frances Joseph make after the
war and what were the results of the reforms?
 He created a new constitution with a legislative
body. The result did not end calls for reform
because the legislature was dominated by German
speaking people leaving other ethnic groups
unsatisfied.
What happened to Austria in 1866?
 Lost a war to Prussia
 What group pressured the government for changes?
 Hungarians
 Who was Ferenc Deak and what new political power
did he create?
 He was a moderate Hungarian leader and he worked
out a compromise to create the Dual Monarchy of
Austria Hungary.
 Austria and Hungary were independent of each other
with what exceptions?
 Francis Joseph was Emperor of Austria and King of
Hungary. They also shared ministers of finance,
defense, and foreign affairs.
What ethnic groups were still unsatisfied?
 Slavic groups especially Czechs in Bohemia.
 What regions did the Ottoman Empire include?
 Eastern Europe, Balkans to North Africa, and the
Middle East.
 What group won autonomy within the Ottoman
empire?
 Serbia
 What group won independence from the Ottoman
empire?
 Greece
The ethnic rivalries in the Ottoman Empire caused the
European powers to view it as the “sick man of
Europe.”
 European powers eagerly scrambled to divide up
Ottoman lands.
 Russia pushed south toward the Black Sea and
Istanbul.
 Austria Hungary took control of Bosnia and
Herzegovina.
 Britain and France set their sights on other
Ottoman lands in the Middle East and North
Africa.
The Balkan Powder Keg
 With many ethnic revolts and wars over the Ottoman
Empire, the Balkans became known as a Powder Keg.
 This powder Keg becomes a major factor in the beginning
of World War I.
Russia Reform &
Reaction
What kept Russia from modernizing?
 Tsars imprisoned critics or sent them into exile.
 What two continents does Russia spread over?
 Europe and Asia
 What did Western Europe dislike about Russia?
 Autocratic government with expansionist aims.
 What was the great obstacle to change in
Russia?
 Its ridged social structure, land owning nobles
dominated society. The middle class was very
small, the majority of people were serfs bound
to the land.
If a serf were to work in a factory what would
happen to their wages?
 Most of their wages went to the nobles.
 What year did Alexander II come to the throne and
what war was being fought?
 1855 The Crimean War
 What were the sides on the Crimean War, what
country lost the war and what did the war reveal
about Russia?
 Russia versus the Ottoman Turks, Britain and
France. Russia’s defeat revealed how backward it
was.
Getting pressure from liberal reformers what decision
did Alexander II make in 1861?
 To emancipate the serfs.
 What was another important reform of Alexander II?
 He set up a system of local government or Zemstvos.
They repaired roads, ran schools an helped agriculture.
 What did liberal terrorist do on March 13, 1881?
 Assassinated Alexander II
How did Alexander III respond to his father’s
assassination?
 He wiped out the liberals, increased the power
of the secret police, started the program of
Russification- or the suppression of nonRussian cultures.
 Only the Russian language could be used and
only the Russian Orthodox Church could be
practiced.
 What were pogroms?
 Officially condoned mob attacks on Jewish
communities in Russia between 1881 and 1921.
What group applauded industrialization in Russia and
what group was against it?
 Government officials and businessmen were for
industrialization and the nobles and the peasants were
against it fearing the changes it would bring.
 The mass move of workers to the cities resulted in
horrible conditions both at work and at home.
 Socialists began to hand out Marxist pamphlets.
What war broke out in 1904 and who was the
Russian leader?
 The Russo Japanese War. Nicholas II was the ruler of
Russia.
 What was Bloody Sunday?
 A peaceful march led by an Orthodox priest toward the
Tsar’s winter palace ended up with the tsar’s troops
opening fire on the protesters.
What was the result of Bloody Sunday?
 The Revolution of 1905
 What did the Revolution of 1905 force Nicholas
II to issue?
 The October Manifesto, declaring “freedom of
person, conscience, speech, assembly and
union.”
 What was the Duma?
 An elected national legislature called by
Nicholas II to quiet calls for reform.
Who did Nicholas II appoint as Prime Minister?
 Peter Stolypin
 What did he do?
 Arrested protesters, allowed pogroms and
executed critics of the government.
 What did Peter Stolypin come to realize?
 That Russia needed Reform not just repression.
 He did make moderate reforms but they did not go
far enough and he was assassinated in 1911.
 By 1914, Russia was still an autocracy but one
simmering with unrest.