Transcript 19th century Nationalism & Imperialism

19th century Nationalism &
Imperialism
Napoleonic Empire 1812
Congress of Vienna
Austria, Russia, Prussia & England
(later France)
Age of Diplomacy
• Will govern by accord, diplomatic balance of
power within Europe.
• Decides to restore order in the old,
conservative ways – with KINGS.
• No wars between the states of Europe
• Promotion of national interests
– WHAT IS NATIONALISM? How do you get people
behind it?
European Imperialism
• Imperialism becomes intricately tied to
Nationalism both economically and politically.
– An expression of a nation’s wealth and influence
– Furthering the previous colonial interests to
supply raw goods for production of finished goods
through industrialization.
– Primary areas: Africa, Asia, Latin America
Imperial Problems
• German and Italian Unification in the 186070s.
• Attempts to control the rate of change and
prevent political upheaval.
• Nationalism fuels unification through “nonwars.”
• Franco-Prussian War, Austrian-Prussian War.
• Crimean War 1855
Concerns over Russia’s
expansion in Crimean
War (1855)
•Declining Ottoman
Empire, including SE
Europe.
•Access to
Mediterranean
•Shift of balance of
power
Fr & Eng. Help the
Ottomans AGAINST
Russia
British Empire 19th c.
Opening of Suez Canal, 1869
French English venture for access to the Red Sea from Mediterranean;
crucial for access to Asia by Europe.
akg-images
Congress of Berlin 1872
•Gathered to apportion the empires of
Europe
•Competition for colonies among nonempires sets up alliances for WW I
•Otto von Bismarck sets up this
conference to try to deal with
•Partitioning of Africa
•Decline of the Ottoman Empire
•Territories in Asia
•Stop expansion of Russia
Ottoman Empire ca. 1900 -- Decline
•Ottoman Empire declines over several centuries
•Attempts to save by reforming Sultans over the
19th century
•Major Problems:
•Provincial structure, unruly army (Janissaries)
•Economic threat from European
industrialization as well as colonial interests
•Some Ottoman provinces resist colonization
by Europeans.
•Egypt is critical to England’s overseas trade.
•Egypt is semi-autonomous, under
governer Muhammad Ali (after napoleon)
Selim III
Tried to initiate reforms of
Ottoman military
Killed in coup d’etat in1806.
Muhammad Ali
Born: Macedonia, 1769
Led Albanian contingent against Napoleon: 1799
Granted title of Pasha and made governor of Egypt: 1805
Conquered Sudan: 1822-1823
Put down insurrection in Crete: 1824
Conquered Ottoman provinces of Palestine, Syria: 1831
Treaty of London denies Ali rule over Levant but forces emperor
to recognize Ali’s dynastic rule over Egypt
Died: 1849
Mahmud II
Born: 1785
Became Sultan: 1808
Abolished Jannisaries: 1826
Initiated Tanzimat reforms: 1839
Died: 1839
Young Turks
• Calls for a new Ottoman constitution
• 1876: radicals seize power and force Sultan
Abdul Hamid II to grant constitution
• Hamid then suspended the constitution and
ruled without parliament
• Committee/Society of Union and Progress
formed in 1889
– Wanted restoration of constitutional rule
Asia in 1914
I
Europe in 1914 at the outbreak of war
Russia at the end of the 19th century
•Autocratic, antiquated military, under-industrialized.
•Sergei Witte urged Nicholas II to accelerate industry,
refused.
•1905 Russo-Japanese War, navy destroyed
•Shocking blow; the “last war” had been the
Napoleonic, which the Russians “won” against Nap.
•Little social reform since liberation of serfs 1861
•No constitution under Nicholas II
•Finally forced to call the Duma in 1905, disbands
shortly thereafter (aborted revolution)
Romanov Dynasty
Russia enters WW I as part
of the Triple Entente
(England, Russia, France)
against Germany, Italy and
Austro-Hungary
After 3 years and massive
destruction, Bolshevik
Revolution breaks out at
home; Russia forced to
withdraw.
Romanov family exiled,
later killed.
Bolsheviks come to power
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
gets Russia out of the
war; tremendous losses
to Russia.
• Most of western lands
that were industrialized,
natural resources,
agricultural lands.
Western Front WW I
• War continues on western front for another
year.
• Trench Warfare
• Technology of war
• Tremendous losses to all
• Attrition
• Collapse in 1918, Treaty of Versailles
– Act 231 = War Guilt Clause to Germany