Transcript Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy Triple Entente

• Economic rivalries
• Imperialistic rivalries- fight over colonies
• System of alliances
Triple Alliance- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Triple Entente- France, Russia, Great Britain
• Arms race
Britain- the Dreadnought
Germany- naval buildup
France- military spending
• Franco-Prussian War (18701)- loss of
Alsace and Lorraine and revanche
• Germany’s fear of encirclement
• Mobilization
Reliance on reserves
Fear
Cost
Germany’s fear of encirclement
and a two-front war
• Inflexibility in war plans- Schlieffen
Plan
• Political weakness of Austro-Hungarian
Empire
• Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913
• Rise of Pan-Slavism supported by
Russia
• Brinkmanship diplomacy
Schlieffen Plan
1.
Fix French army on border
2.
Attack France through neutral
Belgium
3.
Defeat France before Russian
mobilization
4.
Confront Russia
• The Black Hand
• Pan-Slavism
• Archduke
Ferdinand- heir to
the throne
• Serbian Secret
Police support
Archduke Ferdinand and Family
The Archduke Ferdinand and wife visit Sarajevo
The Assassin
Gavrilo Princip
Princip apprehended after
the attack
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Austria- demands justice from Serbia
Serbia rejects demands
Austria mobilizes for war
Russia mobilizes for war
Germany and France mobilize for war
Germany initiates Schlieffen Plan
Britain chooses to join France based
on “neutral” Belgium claim
Long Range Causes
Nationalism
Militarism
Alliances
Imperial Competition
Schlieffen Plan
Immediate Causes
Assassination of Archduke
Ferdinand
Mobilization
World War I
Kaiser Wilhelm II
King George V
Tsar Nicholas II
Lloyd George
Georges Clemenceau
Woodrow Wilson
• Germans
advance though
Belgium
• France attacks
Germany
• Stagnation and
Trench warfare
• Massive
casualties
Typical trench system
layout
Obstacles in
attacking a
trench system
Sappers dig mines and countermines
Trench systems seen from the air
Trench systems ran from Switzerland to the North Sea
Wet conditions inside the trenches produced “trench foot”
• Severe Russian
defeats
• Russian Revolution
• Treaty of BrestLitovsk
• Withdrawal of
Russia from war
Lenin – Russian leader
• Entrance of Ottoman
Empire
• Allied attacks on
Middle East
• Gallipoli
• Asia
• Africa
Australian troops at Gallipoli
Churchill’s idea to break the deadlock on the Western Front
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WWI began 1914
United States entered war in 1917
Allies on verge of collapse
Entrance of US signals beginning of
end for Central Powers
Unrestricted submarine warfare
Zimmerman telegram
Financial stake in Allied success
• British naval
blockade
• Hunger / revolts in
Central Powers
• Armistice to be
based on Wilson’s
Fourteen Points
Freedom of
the Seas
League of
Nations
Restoration
of Belgium
Free Trade
Key Aspects of
Wilson’s
Fourteen
Points
Self
Determination
Arms
Reduction
Independent
Poland and
Czechoslovakia
• Versailles Treaty
Harsh and
humiliating
Reparations
Foundation for rise
of Nazis and WWII
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Destruction of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Destruction of the German Empire
Destruction of the Ottoman Empire
Destruction of the Russian Empire and the
creation of Communist Soviet Union (USSR)
• Weakening of the surviving Western empires
• Creation of new states: Yugoslavia, Poland,
Czechoslovakia
• Territorial gains by Italy, France, Britain
Return of
Colonies and
Territory
German War
Guilt
Reparations
The Treaty of
Versailles
German
Disarmament
Establishment
of Mandates
Occupation of
the Rhineland
League of
Nations
US Senate
rejects Treaty of
Versailles
Decline in
power of
League of
Nations
Germans bitter
over terms of
Treaty
Rise of Adolf
Hitler
Asian and
African colonies
angry at broken
promises
Rise of
Independence
Movements
Americas
Europe
Africa
Asia
Middle
East
United States
congress does not
agrees to join
League of nations
Depression hits
Latin American cash
crops fall in price
Spread of socialist
and communist ideas
Fear of future wars
Mexican revolution
part II for peasant
land redistribution
Roosevelt corollary
continues
Versailles treaty
leaves out Central
powers. France and
Great Britain wishes
to punish Germany.
Europe suffers from
Great depression
because of War
costs.
Russia signs omitted
because of
Communist
Revolution 1917.
Ottoman and AustriaHungary divided into
new territories (selfdetermination)
“lost generation”
leads to fear of future
wars
Rise of totalitarian
dictators (Hitler,
Stalin, Mussolini,
Franco)
Many promised
independence if they
fought for their
colonizers (did not
get it) . Taught them
how to kill “white
people”
Inspired nationalist
sentiment which
would eventually
lead to
decolonization after
WWII
Many given mandate
or protectorate status
after war
Many were at the
Versailles
conference but
received nothing
Colonization will
continue
India and Viet Nam
would gain
nationalist ambitions
but would not see
independence until
after the second war.
Saudi Arabia the only
independent nation
from the Ottoman
Empire which gains
popular sovereignty
Japan recognized as
a player which would
eventually cede
territories in the
South Pacific which
once belonged to
Germany. Inspires
imperialist ambitions.
China disregarded
and created civil
chaos and May
fourth movement
(unintended) to
inspire students to
fight for more rights
(like the 1989
Tiananmen square
protests)
Most become British
or French Mandates
(technically still
under their control)
because of oils in
region
Balfour Declaration
(British promise of an
independent Jewish
homeland) fuels
Zionism (not realized
until 1948)
Sykes-Picot
agreement (secret
agreement between
France and Great
Britain to create an
independent
Palestine) unfulfilled
but continued PanArab nationalism
Propaganda