Transcript review for the spring midterm exam instructions

REVIEW FOR THE
SPRING
MIDTERM
EXAM
INSTRUCTIONS:
Go through the slides and
answer each question in the
packet; the slide numbers
are listed for each question
The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires
were known as the “Gunpowder Empires”
All three empires were able to conquer
neighboring people by forming strong armies
that used rifles and artillery
All three
empires
were Islamic
and ruled by
Muslim
leaders
Ottoman ruler
Suleyman the
Magnificent’s
greatest
accomplishment was
establishing a stable
government for the
Ottoman Empire
through the law
code he created
Babur began the Mughal Empire in what is now India
and Pakistan; his grandson Akbar became the
Mughals’ greatest ruler; Akbar was a Muslim ruling
over an empire made up mostly of Hindus
The greatest example of the Mughal Empire’s
architecture is the Taj Mahal, which was built in 1631
Qing Dynasty (1644 CE to 1911 CE)
In 1644,
northern
invaders called
the Manchus
conquered
China and
created the
second foreign
dynasty in
Chinese
history, the
Qing Dynasty
The introduction of
new American crops
like corn and sweet
potatoes led to a
dramatic increase in
the Chinese
population
The sharp rise in the
number of Chinese
peasants would lead
to intense
competition for land
and violent
rebellions when
poverty grew
The second challenge to Qing China was the arrival of
European missionaries and merchants in Asia who
were eager to gain access into China
Europeans arrived with superior military technology,
demanded that China trade with them, and refused to
accept Chinese customs
Japanese Feudalism
Farmers traded
land to strong
warlords called
daimyo, who
offered
protection in
exchange for land
Daimyo actually had
more power than the
emperor and were
served by loyal
warriors called samurai
The emperor held the
highest rank, but had
little real power
During the time of
Tokugawa’s rule, the
actual power was held
by the shogun, not the
emperor
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Tokugawa was the
shogun who
completed the
unification of Japan;
he moved the capital
city to Edo and created
a line of successors
who would rule for
another 250 years
Nagasaki Bay
Deshima
Japan
Dutch ships
Japan’s policy with foreigners was one of
isolationism: the Japanese port at Deshima
in Nagasaki Bay remained open, but ONLY to
Dutch and Chinese merchants
During the Scientific Revolution, scholars applied logic and
reason; this inspired the Enlightenment thinkers to also use
logic and reason as they came up with new ideas about
economics and government
Political Ideas of the Enlightenment
John Locke said that the
purpose of government
was to protect citizens’
natural rights
Locke believed that
people are born with
natural rights: rights to
life, liberty, and property
Capitalism is an
economic model based
on private ownership
of property and the
goal is to make profits
Adam Smith thought the
best type of economy
was capitalism
“Laissez-faire” (“hands
off”) is the idea that
the economy thrives
when there is minimal
government
involvement in the
economy and business
Political Ideas of the Enlightenment
The Swiss philosophe
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
believed in individual
freedom
Rousseau believed that
people are naturally good,
but too much power
corrupts them
Much like Montesquieu and
Locke, Rousseau was in
favor of governments with
limited power
To pay off war debts, The colonists were upset
Britain created a series
that the Parliament in
of new taxes (such as England would pass laws
the Stamp Act) for the
and taxes without the
American colonists
colonists’ approval
The American colonists’ slogan became:
“No taxation without representation”, which
meant that colonists believed that they should be
able to vote on taxes and laws that affected them
The unfairness of taxation without representation
would be the main reason the American colonists
broke away from England in 1776
Latin Americans
were inspired to
gain independence
because of the
success of the
American and
French Revolutions
Also, the ideas of
the Enlightenment
inspired desire for
independence in
Latin American
countries
Enlightenment
ideas were
used in the
American,
French, and
Mexican
Revolutions
After each,
revolution, a
democratic
government
was started
In 1791, Haitian
slaves rose in
revolt against
their French
rulers; Toussaint
L’Ouverture
became the
leader of the slave
uprising and
helped free all the
slaves by 1801
From 1811 to
1824, Venezuelan
creole Simon
Bolivar led an
army of
revolutionaries in
the independence
movement
against Spain
Argentinean
creole San
Martín led the
independence
movement in
southern South
America
In order rule France
more effectively,
Napoleon created a
comprehensive set of
laws called the
Napoleonic Code
He also improved
France’s tax system and
public education
After the fall of Napoleon in 1815,
European leaders met at the Congress of
Vienna to restore monarchies and create a
balance of power in Europe
From 1793 to
1794, any French
citizens who were
accused of being
disloyal to the new
republic were
executed
Robespierre
executed 30,000
“traitors” during
an era known as
the Reign of Terror
(until he, too, was
executed)
Absolute monarchs like Louis XIV of France and
Peter the Great of Russia made all government
decisions without the consent of their people; they
never listened to demands of their citizens
GARIBALDI: UNIFIER OF ITALY
Giuseppe Garibaldi
wanted a unified Italy
under a republic style
of government
Garibaldi, who always
wore a red shirt in
battle, named his
forces the “Redshirts”
BISMARCK: UNIFIER OF GERMANY
Otto von Bismarck was
the Prime Minister of
Prussia in the 1860s
Bismarck’s goal was the
unification of the German
states under the
leadership of Prussia
WHAT IS THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?
“The Industrial Revolution” refers to the time period
when there was a huge increase of machine-made
goods, which replaced work done by hand
The Industrial Revolution led to (1) lower costs of
producing goods, (2) mass production of goods,
increased profits, (3) movement of people to cities,
and (4) more people working low-skilled factory jobs
Like socialists,
communists want
equality in society,
but want to get it in a
different way: Marx
which predicted a
war between the
“haves” and “have
nots”, where the
workers would rise
up and overthrow the
privileged class
In 1765, James Watt invented
the first steam engine
Steam engines produced more
power and allowed factories to
be built in cities near workers
STEELMAKING
PROCESS
Henry Bessemer
invented a cheap
process for
making steel
(which is stronger
than iron)
IMPERIALISM is the seizure
of a country or territory by a stronger
country. The stronger country
dominates weaker countries
politically, economically, and socially.
The reason: the stronger country
gains power with the money it makes
from using the weaker country.
MOTIVES FOR IMPERIALISM
ECONOMIC
Economic motives included (1) the
desire to make money, (2) to expand
and control foreign trade, (3) to create
new markets for products, and (4) to
acquire raw materials and cheap labor
(this was the main reason for European
imperialism in Africa)
In 1884, 14 European
The main agreement: any
nations met at the
nation could claim land in
Congress of Berlin to
Africa by notifying the
“set the rules” for
other nations and showing
colonizing in Africa
it could control the area
No African nations were invited to attend
Among all of Britain’s
colonies, the most
valuable was India
(which they called
“The Jewel in the
Crown of the British
Empire”)
India had this
nickname because it
produced so many
profitable cash-crops
(such as tea, cotton,
coffee, and opium)
The Sepoy Mutiny
In 1857, Sepoys refused to use new
ammunition cartridges greased
with pork/beef fat
The tops of the new type of
cartridges needed to be bitten off
before they could be loaded into
the new guns
The sepoys were either Muslim or
Hindu; the cow is sacred to Hindus
and pork is forbidden to Muslims
The anger over their religions
being offended led to the Sepoys
and then all of India rebelling
against the British
The growth of foreign influence, poverty among
peasants, and Christianity upset many Chinese
In 1900, frustrated Chinese led the Boxer Rebellion
to expel foreigners from China; it was defeated
The British refused to end the opium trade
and China declared war on Britain
Britain used its modern navy to easily win the
Opium Wars, which resulted in even more
Western trade and influence in Asia
AMERICAN SHIPS vs. JAPANESE BOATS
“Hey, Japan.
Trade with
us… or else!”
Japanese officials
realized they were
overmatched by U.S.
naval ships, so their
immediate action was
to open up ports to
trade with the U.S.
In an effort to end spheres of influence in China, USA
proposed an Open Door Policy in China, so merchants
from all nations could trade freely in all Chinese ports
End of the
feudal system
Modern
banking system
Land
Redistribution
Public schools
(Germany, USA,
& France)
Meiji
Reforms
Written
Constitution
(Germany)
Modernize
the Army
(Germany)
Build a
Modern Navy
(Britain)
Human Rights
& Religious
Freedom
Emperor
Worship
Intensified
The United States was also a major imperial power in
the world; the U.S. was the “police power” in the
Western Hemisphere and controlled the Panama Canal
The U.S. also had a lot of influence in Asia and the Pacific:
controlling the Philippines, overthrowing Queen Liliuokalani
and annexing Hawaii, and taking over many other islands
This cartoon shows how the complicated system of
alliances between the competing nations in Europe
created tensions that led to World War I
The spark that
ignited World
War I was the
assassination of
Archduke Franz
Ferdinand by a
Serbian
nationalist
named Gavrilo
Princip
Nations committed
to TOTAL WAR to
win World War I
(1) Factories were
converted to make
war equipment
(2) Resources were
rationed (limited) in
order to prioritize
military needs
(3) Propaganda was
created to generate
support for the war
(4) People were drafted into military service
When War Breaks Out, Names and Alliances Change
ALLIED POWERS
CENTRAL POWERS
(formerly the Triple Entente)
(formerly the Triple Alliance)
BRITAIN
GERMANY
FRANCE
RUSSIA
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
ITALY
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
“What a bloodbath. Hell cannot be this dreadful.”
-a French soldier at the Battle of Verdun, 1916
Germany
planned to
“bleed France to
death” by
attacking
Verdun. When
the battle was
over, a million
soldiers were
dead with no
clear winner
Here is a French fort before the attack… and after.
German submarine attacks on passenger
ships played a role in bringing the United
States into World War I
CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION: By early
1917, citizens were rioting across Russia, blaming
the Romanov czar for Russia’s terrible losses in
World War I and for food and fuel shortages
Inspired by the ideas of
Karl Marx and his
“Communist Manifesto”,
Vladimir Lenin led the
Bolsheviks in the
Russian Revolution of
1917
Vladimir Lenin’s
message of
“peace, land, and
bread” helped him gain
popularity among the
Russian people
WILSON’S 14 POINTS
Woodrow Wilson’s
outline for world
peace were the
“14 Points”: the
most important
Point was the
creation of a
League of Nations
to promote peace
The Bolsheviks were victorious in the Russian
Revolution and the Russian Civil War
Lenin and the Bolsheviks transformed Russia
into a Communist nation called the Soviet Union
Joseph Stalin used a secret police and the Great
Purge to eliminate political opponents
Stalin’s Five Year Plans and collective farms
improved the Soviet Union’s industrial and
agricultural output, but at great cost in Russian lives
This chart shows the effect of Stalin’s “Five Year
Plans”: production in key industries increased
Norway
Sweden
NORTH
SEA
Ireland
Denmark
Russia
Great Britain
Netherlands
Belgium
Germany
Luxembourg
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
France
Austria-Hungary
Switzerland
Romania
Serbia
Portugal
Spain
Italy
Montenegro
Albania
Greece
Sicily
MEDITERRANEAN SEA
BLACK SEA
Bulgaria
Turkey/Ottoman Empire
Finland
Norway
North Ireland
Sweden
NORTH
SEA Denmark
Ireland
Great
Britain
Estonia
Latvia
BALTIC
SEA Lithuania
East Prussia
Netherlands
Belgium
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Germany
Lux
France
Switz.
Danzig Poland
Czechoslovakia
Austria Hungary
Romania
BLACK SEA
Yugoslavia
Portugal
Spain
U.S.S.R.
Bulgaria
Italy
Albania
Greece
Turkey
Most of the changes inSicilythe map were caused by
MEDITERRANEAN
land taken from defeated
empires being formed
SEA
into new countries
On June 28, 1919, Germany and the major
Allied Powers signed the Treaty of Versailles, ending
World War I: Germany was forced to accept blame
for the war and pay reparations
YOU WILL NOT PASS
THE MIDTERM EXAM
WITH LACK OF WORK
AND LAZINESS, BUT
THROUGH
BLOOD
AND IRON!
AND ALSO BY
ANSWERING ALL OF
THE QUESTIONS IN THIS
REVIEW, OF COURSE.