Transcript 2. What modern states were once ruled by the Ottomans?

Civilizations in Crises: The
Ottoman Empire, the Islamic
Heartland, & Qing China
Chapter 26
Map Exercise 26.1
Ottoman Empire, Late 18th Century
(page 625)
• 1. What 3 continents does the empire
straddle?
• 2. What modern states were once ruled by
the Ottomans?
• 3. Drawing conclusions
– a. What different ethnic groups does the empire
rule?
– b. How might different ethnic groups weaken
Ottoman rule?
– c. What European states would be the greatest
threat to the empire?
Photo Essay
• 1. In photograph 26.1 on page 627, how
did the Europeans view the Ottomans?
• 2. In photography 26.2 on page 628, how
had the Young Turks changed?
Map 26.2
China During the Qing Dynasty
(page 635)
• 1. What is a treaty port?
• 2. What powers had treaty ports in China?
• 3. What ports did each European power
rule?
• 4. Which states likely had territorial
designs on China? Support your answer.
Ottoman retreat
empire in decline 18th century
European rivals take advantage of weakness
Austrians
Russians
Greeks & Serbians win independence
Ottomans survive – why?
balance of power
internal reform
Mahmud II
- professional army (destroy janissaries)
Tanzimat reforms – Western model
open empire to Europe
- threaten some groups
strengthen state – threaten dynasty
Sultan Abdul Hamid
– despotic absolutism
Young Turks – continue Western style reforms
empire survives (weakly) until WWI
Arab Islamic Heartlands
desire to drive back Europeans
crises in Middle East
Egypt
Napoleon defeats Ottoman's in Egypt
Muhammad Ali – Egypt’s ruler 1811
- military reforms
- powerful army & navy
- modernize economy
ally with landlords – resist economic reforms
Egypt exposed to European threats
ayan – rural landlords profit
1 crop dependency
become dependent on
European credit
Suez Canal - 1869
Muslim scholars – traditional vs Western science & technology
Islamic history – rational inquiry
- contest that a single source of truth - found in Qu’ran
1882 – British intervene
- direct Egyptian government
Jihad – Mahdist revolt in Sudan
Egyptians try to rule
Mahdi win control of Sudan
- return Islam to original purity
build strong state, Islamic law
British end in 1896
Islam suffers in 1800s
Europeans consistently advance & threaten Islam
Last Chinese Dynasty - Qing
Manchurians
adopt Chinese ways
Chinese scholar-gentry enter Manchu service
1644 – Manchu's take Beijing
- retain political system
- examination system continues
Chinese & Manchu's paired at highest posts
maintain social system of Ming
rank & hierarchy
extended family
women subservient
alleviate rural distress
commercial & urban expansion
influx of silver (payment for exports)
- good balance of trade
compradors (merchants) – link between China & outside world
Decline - late 1700s
exam system - cheating
government jobs way to gain influence & money
Yellow River floods – peasants migrate south
population increase – stresses social & economic systems
confrontation with Europeans over opium trade
British use to trade instead of silver
opium addiction rampant
1830s – Chinese blockade trade
European military intervention
- Opium Wars 1839 & 1850s
settlements include Hong Kong to British
- ports open to European trade
- long term leases
- British manage China’s foreign trade
Taiping Rebellion
European incursions into Southern China
Taiping offer social reform, land redistribution, liberation of women
- attack traditional Chinese elite
- defeated with help of Europeans
“self-strengthening movement” - modernize
Manchu’s losing
control over provinces
Boxer Rebellion
Empress CiXi – crushes the reform movement
Secret societies
resistance to Qing
- training ground for revolutionaries
create a government modeled on the west
- sons of scholar gentry & compradors
- Sun Yat Sen
civil service exams end 1905
end of use of Confucian values as base to govern society
1912 – Emperor Pu-Yi stands down
- Republic of China formed