Transcript File

Chapters 26-28
Democracy, Progress, Imperialism, &
Transformation
1815 - 1914
Suffrage
• The Reform Bill of 1832
enabled more men to
vote in England (but still
only about 7%)
• The Chartist Movement,
though initially denied,
does lead to about 75%
of England being able to
vote by 1918.
Women’s Suffrage
• The first places to allow women to vote were:
– Wyoming – 1869
– New Zealand – 1893
– Austria – 1902
Emmeline Pankhurst founded the Women’s Social &
Political Union, which was instrumental in gaining
suffrage for women in England and the US.
Zionism
• After France’s Dreyfuss Affair, the strength of
anti-Semitism in Europe was exposed. Many
Jews fled to the US
• Russian officials allowed pogroms, or,
organized violence against Jews
• Theodor Herzl developed the Zionist
movement, which called for working on
creating a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
Canada, eh?
• Canada had both French and English speaking
settlers, which caused conflict.
• England temporarily settled the issue by
creating Upper (Ontario) and Lower (Quebec)
Canada
• Eventually the Dominion of Canada (which
was still part of the British Empire) developed,
partly in response to US western expansion
Australia & New Zealand
• The British first settled Australia as a penal
colony, and they ran into the aborigines there
• In New Zealand, the British encountered the
Maori
• Both civilizations wanted recognition while
also remaining within the protection of the
British Empire
Ireland
• In 1801 Ireland formally joined Britain, but
later wished for independence
• The potato famine (1845-1848) caused many
to flee, and the British imposed harsh
conditions
• The Irish Republican Army (IRA) develops, and
by 1949 Ireland was its own country
War and Expansion in the U.S.
• Yeah, you’ll learn all about this next year. Let’s
skip it for now.
Progress!
• Inventions
– Thomas Edison invents the light bulb and the
phonograph
– Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone in
1876
– Guglielmo Marconi invents radio in 1895
– Henry Ford invents interchangeable parts and the
assembly line in 1908
– The Wright brothers flew in 1903
Medicine
• Germ Theory – Illnesses
caused by microscopic
organisms (duh!)
• Louis Pasteur
discovered that heat
killed what he called
“bacteria”, and
pasteurization is
developed to kill germs
in liquids
Charles Darwin
• In 1859, after a
naturalist trip, Darwin
published On the Origin
of Species, which
outlines his theory of
evolution
• Obviously controversial,
this theory takes hold
and is still used to
explain biological life on
Earth
Racism & Social Darwinism
• Racism (the idea that one race is superior to
others) and Social Darwinism
(“survival of the fittest”
applied to human societies/
cultures) spurred imperialism.
• Some Europeans felt they had
a responsibility to share the
results of their progress with less advanced
peoples.
The Berlin Conference
• Fearing war between
nations, 14 European
nations met to divide
up Africa.
• Nations could claim
lands by simply
notifying other nations
and showing they could
control the area.
• No African rulers were
invited to attend.
Africans, Dutch & British
• Until WW1, The Dutch
& British fought each
other and the native
populations over
resources, land, and
political control.
• This is why there’s
significant white
populations in both
Egypt & South Africa.
Europeans & Muslims
• The Crimean War between the Russians &
Ottomans drew in Britain & France against
Russia.
• But this war revealed how weak the Ottomans
had become.
• Steadily until WW1 The Ottoman Empire kept
losing territory to Europeans
Geopolitics & The Great Game
• Geopolitics is taking land for its strategic
location or products or resources.
• England and Russia engaged in a geopolitical
struggle known as the Great Game, over lands
in/near India & Afghanistan
• In 1881, England withdrew from Afghanistan,
realizing that trying to occupy this country
was/is nearly impossible.
Egypt
• Muslim leaders realized they had to adjust to
the modern world, or be swallowed by it.
• Muhammad Ali shifted Egyptian agriculture to
cotton, a cash crop, and used a massive
amount of European money to finance the
Suez Canal, connecting the Red sea to the
Mediterranean.
• Egypt could not repay the debt, and the
British took over in 1882.
British India
• The British East India continued to gain more
and more influence, until, by 1757, it
effectively controlled the whole country
• Sepoys were Indian soldiers working for the
British. They rebelled, but were then put
down, and England took a more direct role in
governing India.
Indian Division
• The reason Indians
didn’t stand up to the
British is because they
were so divided
themselves. Hindus
and Muslims preferred
British rule to each
other’s rule.
• India continued to
“westernize” to try to
resist outside influence
Cracking the China Code
• For years European
nations tried to find
something to trade with
China that they’d want
or need. They failed
until…
• Opium! By 1835 some
12 million Chinese were
addicted to the drug
China’s Resistance
• Angered by England’s introduction of opium to
China, the Opium War broke out between
these countries
• It was an embarrassing defeat for China, and
the British gained Hong Kong.
• Other European nations challenged China, and
defeated them leading to more colonization
Japan Ends Its Isolation
• In 1853 US Commodore Matthew Perry took 4
massive steam powered ships into Tokyo
Harbor and strongarmed the Tokugawa
Shogun to accept free trade with America.
• Under the Meiji Era, Japan then modernized
(westernized) very rapidly.
Imperial Japan
• Flush with confidence, Japan went to war with
China and won
• This caused tensions between the Russians &
Japanese. During the Russo-Japanese War,
the Russians were badly beaten, and Japan
gained Manchuria and Korea.
Latin America & the Monroe Doctrine
• In 1823, US President James Monroe issues
the Monroe Doctrine, stating the American
continents were closed to European
colonization.
• In 1898 The US joined Cuba fighting Spain for
independence. The Spanish American War
was an embarrassment for Spain and solidified
the US “Americas Empire”
The Panama Canal
• The US wanted to construct the Panama Canal
for years, but Columbia resisted.
• The US then supported a Panamanian
revolution, and got the land necessary to
construct the canal
• Latin America became a crossroads of world
trade, and the US controlled the tollgate.
Mexico’s Fight for Stability: Texas
• In the 1820’s Mexico encouraged Americans
to move to Texas, with promises of cheap
land, to populate the area as a buffer between
the growing US and Mexico’s northwest
section.
• This backfired miserably, as Texan Anglos
revolted and opened up what would become
the American Southwest to the US.
Civil Wars and Painful Reform
• After Santa Anna was ousted over the Texas
debacle, Benito Juarez, a poor Zapotec Indian
came to power and tried liberal reforms based
on democracy
• Porfirio Diaz ruled with an iron fist, but
technological progress was made under his
rule.
• The Mexican Revolution produced colorful
characters such as Pancho Villa and Emiliano
Zapata, and was pretty successful