Transcript apworldchapter26Civilizations in Crisis

Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman
Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing
China
Chapter 26
Ottoman to Turk: How Nationalism Destroys Empires
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After the last attempt to
take Vienna and the lands
of the Habsburgs, the
Ottoman Empire began a
slow decline and retreat
in eastern Europe.
Wars with Russia, and
independence
movements in Greece and
Serbia led to the Ottoman
Empire being called the
“sick man of Europe.”
Can the Ottomans reform themselves?
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Over the centuries, the
imperial system led to
corruption, lack of
modernization, and simmering
nationalism.
Selim III r. 1789-1807
attempted to reform the
imperial bureaucracy and
military – but factionalism kept
the reforms from happening.
The Janissaries revolted in
1807 and he was killed.
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Mahmud II – 1826 –
Mahmed II had secretly
used European advisors
to created a small but
elite force. The
Janissaries revolted in
1826 – only to find
themselves victims of the
elite guard of the sultan.
The Janissaries, their
families, and their
religious advisors were
slaughtered.
Tanzimat
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Freed from the Janissaries,
Mahmud instituted reforms –
especially after cowing the
AYAN – provincial nobles.
Mahmud rejected the call of
the Ulama to strengthen the
empire through a return to the
past. Mahmud called for
modernization and
westernization.
A period if reforms known as
the TANZIMAT were instituted
from 1839-1876
Tanzimat
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University training westernized and expanded
European sciences and mathematics taught
Postal and telegraph systems created
Railways
Newspapers
Legal reforms
1876 constitution – European based
***minority religious groups prospered***
***artisans were hurt by the influx of European goods***
***reform for women had been debated – seclusion, veiling,
polygamy – but nothing was acted upon until after the sultans***
Can One Reform and Modernized and Maintain a Sultan?
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New modern Ottoman elites
clashed with the Ulama and
ayan.
Old vs. new
ABDUL HAMID – sultan –
attempted to re-impose
autocratic rule in the face of
the growing demand among
the elites for continued reform.
He nullified the constitution
and revoked civil liberties.
BUT – Abdul Hamid continued
the modernization of the
military and a railway “Berlin
to Baghdad.”
Young Turks
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1908 – Abdul Hamid removed from power in a coup
d’etat
OTTOMAN SOCIETY FOR UNION AND PROGRESS –
established in Paris in 1889 – Turkish intellectuals who
pledged loyalty to the empire – but wanted even greater
reform.
1908 – the Young Turks had the sympathy of the military
A new sultan was installed as a symbol of unity –
MEHMED V – but the military and Young Turks vied for
power. Divisions among the reformers and military kept
true reform from happening – as the empire broke apart.
The Ottoman alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary in WWI
finished the empire and sultanate
EGYPT
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While the Arab peoples of the Ottoman
Empire resented the rule of the Turks,
they also feared the growing power of
the Europeans – especially as the
Europeans took control of Muslim
states in India, Indonesia, Algeria, etc.
Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt was met
by the armies of the MAMLUK.
Mamluk meant “slave” and they were
Egyptian vassals of the Ottoman
Empire.
The Malmuk leader MURAD dismissed
Napoleon and claimed superiority over
the Europeans.
The slaughter of the Mamluk forces
shocked the Muslim world and
illustrated the technological
backwardness of the Muslim armies.
Battle of the Pyramids
Muhammad Ali
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After the retreat of the French,
MUHAMMAD ALI established
himself as leader of Egypt.
Born in present day Greece,
Muhammad Ali sought to
create a European style
military force.
He built a modern navy and
large army – even invading
Syria and threatening the
Ottoman Empire.
Reforms of Muhammad Ali
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Economics:
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Increase production of cotton, hemp, indigo,
etc. – that were in demand in Europe because
of the Industrial Revolution
Infrastructure:
Harbors and irrigation systems improved
Profits from such reform were put into the
Egyptian military
After Muhammad Ali
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Muhammad Ali was
unable to use the
Egyptian forces to destroy
the Ottoman Empire.
Muhammad Ali’s
descendants married
Turkish families and
established a line of
rulers known as –
KHEDIVES – who ruled
until 1952.
Egypt – the European Powers – the Suez Canal
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The khedives of Egypt were able to collect
revenue – despite the ayan – but most of
the money was spent on luxuries – leaving
the khedives in debt.
European financiers lent money to the
khedives and were granted influence and
economic power in exchange.
At first desiring Egyptian cotton, the
Europeans turned their attention toward
building a canal that would link the
Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea –
Britain and India!!!
The canal led to massive European
involvement and influence in Egypt.
JIHAD – some conservatives proposed a
jihad to drive the Europeans out
AL-AFGHANI and MUHAMMAD ABDUH
stressed the need of Egyptians to borrow
western knowledge
AHMAD ORABI – led a military uprising
against the khedives and the Europeans
The Sudan
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The Egyptians had long been
attempting control of the people of the
Sudan.
As the British took nominal control of
Egypt, they became involved in the
Egyptian push into the Sudan.
KHARTOUM – capital of Egyptian
presence in Sudan.
MUHAMMAD ACHMAD – united
Sudanese against Egyptian and British
advances in Sudan.
MAHDI – promised deliverers
Jihad – against Egyptian heretics and
British infidels
KHALIFA ABDALLAHI – led the Mahdi
forces after the death of Muhammad
Achmad
The Last Chinese Dynasty
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As the Ming Dynasty began to
crumble, the MANCHU in northern
China – Manchuria – organized as
a threat to the dynasty.
NURACI – combined the cavalry of
the Manchu tribes into BANNER
ARMIES.
The Manchu adopted Chinese
culture and political/social
organization.
The Manchus began to assume
territory and control in northern
China – taking the name QING
The QING overthrew the last Ming
emperor – AND maintained the
examination system, bureaucracy
and the Mandate of Heaven.
Rot from Within
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By the early 19th century – the ancient
kingdom of China had grown weak – due
in part to:
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Weak army
Banditry in countryside
Corrupt civil service
Ill maintained infrastructure
Vastly increasing population
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The internal weakness of China and its
government left the nation open to abuse by
“foreign devils.”
Chinese silks, porcelain and tea were highly
valued by the Europeans.
For many years the TRADE BALANCE between
Europe and China was in China’s favor – with
large amounts of European gold and silver
entering China.
The Opium War
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The British merchants found that they could alter the
trade balance in Britain’s favor by selling opium to the
Chinese.
Suddenly, the Chinese were buying more than they were
selling and gold and silver then left China for Europe.
The opium began to destroy Chinese society and the
Chinese moved to stop the importation of opium by the
Europeans.
LIN ZEXU – 1830s – given orders by the emperor to
destroy the opium trade – he ordered opium destroyed,
warehouses seized, etc. European merchants were
outraged.
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1839 – Great Britain went to war with China in
order to allow British merchants to sell opium
and other products in China.
The war ended with Britain victorious and China
in a weakened position.
Britain received the colony of Hong Kong
Other foreign nations saw China’s weakness and
moved in to carve out SPHERES OF INFLUENCE.
Opium Den
Opium Den
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Queen Victoria
1819-1901
r. 1837-1901
Victoria – not as pretty as her
painting!!!
China’s Internal Weakness Led to
Rebellion
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Many Chinese were appalled by their nation’s
weakness and sought to strengthen the nation by
changing the government.
TAIPING REBELLION – Hong Xiuquan – a Chinese
mystic who claimed to be a brother of Christ – led
thousands of Chinese to rebel in the Taiping
Rebellion calling for a new dynasty of “Heavenly
Peace”
The ruling QING DYNASTY responded by brutally
suppressing the rebellion – killing millions of Chinese
Hong Xiuquan
TONGZHI RESTORATION – self-strengthening
movements
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The ruling elite tried to improve China
through a series of reforms called the
Tongzhi Restoration
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Infrastructure – dikes and canals
Lowering farm taxes
Modernize military
Translate western books on law and
technology into Chinese
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Reforms were met with hostility by the
corrupt civil service and the Empress
Dowager Cixi
Cixi “Old Buddha” – arch conservative who
feared all reform – thinking she and the
royal family would lose power
She controlled power from behind the
scenes
Cixi
The Boxer Rebellion – “I should
have worn briefs”
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By 1900, China was unofficially administered by
Europeans, Japanese and Americans who controlled the
economy and trade.
The Society of Harmonious Fists “Boxers” began an antiforeigner movement that led to a nationwide attack on
all foreigners in an attempt to rid China of outside
influences.
The Boxer Rebellion was put down by foreign armies
which only subjugated China even more.
By 1908 – Cixi was dead and China was “ruled” by a
three year old emperor.