Transcript China, The Ottoman Empire and Japan

1800-1914
European Industry and Empire
 The 19th century was Europe’s greatest age of global
expansion
- became the center of the world economy
- millions of Europeans moved beyond Europe
- explorers and missionaries went nearly everywhere
- much of the world became part of European colonies
 Industrial Revolution fueled much of Europe’s expansion
- demand for raw materials and agricultural products
- need for markets to sell European products
- European capitalists often invested money abroad
- foreign markets kept workers within Europe employed
European Industry and Empire
 Mass nationalism in Europe fueled expansion
- Italy and Germany unified by 1891
- colonies became a status symbol
 Industrial advances aided overseas expansion
- steamships
- underwater telegraph
- quinine
- breech-loading rifles and machine guns
Quinine
Quinine is used alone or with
other medications to treat malaria
(a serious or life-threatening illness
that is spread by mosquitoes in
certain parts of the world)
A New Perception of “others”
 In the past Europeans viewed “others” in terms of
religion and often mingled with their elites
 The industrial age promoted a secular arrogance
among Europeans
- sometimes combined with a sense of religious
superiority
- Europeans increasingly despised other cultures
- African societies lost status in European eyes
- earlier: were regarded as nations led by kings
- nineteenth century: became tribes led by chiefs
Racism Grows Prominent
 New kind of racism, expressed through science
- scientific “proof” of some peoples’ inferiority
- creation of a hierarchy of races
- view of race as determining intelligence, moral
development, and destiny
- view that inferior peoples threatened Europeans with
their diseases
 A sense of responsibility to the “weaker races”
- duty to civilize them
- bringing them education, health care, Christianity, good
government, etc., was regarded as “progress” and
“civilization”
Social Darwinism
 Social Darwinism: an effort to apply Darwin’s
evolutionary theory to human history
- regarded as inevitable that the “unfit” races should be
displaced or destroyed
 This is the legitimization for a second wave of
imperialism
Herbert Spencer
Spencer coined the phrase
“survival of the fittest”. He
was a pioneer of social
Darwinism.
Scramble for Africa
China’s Century of Crisis
 China was, to a large degree, the victim of its own success
- population grew from about 100 million in 1685 to some
430 million in 1853
- but China didn’t have an accompanying Industrial
Revolution
- growing pressure on the land, impoverishment,
starvation
 Chinese bureaucracy did not keep pace with growing
population
- central state gradually lost control of provincial officials
- corruption became endemic
- harsh treatment of peasants
China’s internal crisis:
The Taiping Uprising
 Taiping Rebellion 1850–1864
- leader Hong Xiuquan (1814–1864) proclaimed himself
the younger brother of Jesus, sent to establish a
“heavenly kingdom of great peace”
- called for radical equality
- even planned to industrialize China
- Taiping forces established their capital at Nanjing
(1853)
- rebellion was crushed by 1864
Aftermath of Taiping
 Resolution of the Taiping rebellion consolidated the
power of the provincial gentry even more (provincial
leaders put it down)
- intense conservatism, so China’s problems weren’t
resolved
- the massive civil war had seriously weakened the
Chinese economy
- 20 million–30 million people died in the rebellion
Opium and Open Markets
 The Opium Wars show the transformation of China’s
relationship with Europe
- opium had been used in China for centuries
- British began to sell large quantities of Indian opium
- Chinese authorities recognized the dangers of opium
addiction, tried to stop the trade
- European merchants bribed officials to smuggle
- 1836: the emperor decided to suppress the trade
- Commissioner Lin Zexu campaigned against
opium use
- seized and destroyed over three million pounds
The Opium Wars
 British responded with the first Opium War (1839–
1842)
- forced Chinese to accept free trade and “proper”
relations among countries
- Treaty of Nanjing (1842):
i. China agreed to pay a $21 million indemnity
ii. China ceded Hong Kong, opened more ports
iii. foreigners received the right to live in China
under their own laws
iv. tariffs fixed at a low rate
The Second Opium War
 Second Opium War (1856–1858)
- Europeans vandalized the imperial Summer Palace
- more treaty ports were opened to foreigners
- China was opened to foreign missionaries
- Western powers were given the right to patrol some
of China’s interior waterways
 China was also defeated by the French (1885) and
Japanese (1895)
 “unequal treaties” inhibited China’s industrialization
Opium Wars
Political Cartoon
China. Conservative Modernization
 Chinese government tried to act against problems
- Confucianism, limited borrowing from the west
- efforts to improve examination system
- restoration of rural social and economic order
- establishment of some modern arsenals and
shipyards, some study of other languages and sciences
Boxer Rebellion
 Boxer Rebellion (1900):
- militia organizations killed many Europeans and
Chinese Christians, besieged foreign embassies in
Beijing
- Western powers and Japan occupied Beijing to crush
the revolt
- imposed massive reparation payments on China
Qing Loses the Mandate of Heaven
 Organizations to examine the situation and propose
reforms
 Growing drive for a truly unified nation in which more
people took part in public life
 Chinese nationalism was against both foreign
imperialists and the foreign Qing dynasty
 The government agreed to some reforms in the early
twentieth century, but not enough—the imperial order
collapsed in 1911
The Ottoman Empire:
 Both China and the Ottoman Empire:
- felt that they did not need to learn from the West
- avoided direct colonial rule, but were diminished
- attempted “defensive modernization”
- suffered a split in society between modernists and
those holding traditional values
 In 1750, the Ottoman Empire was still strong
Ottoman Expansion
Ottoman Decline
 By 1900, the Ottoman Empire was losing territory
- Ottomans lost territory to Russia, Britain, Austria,
and France
- Napoleon’s 1798 invasion of Egypt was especially
devastating
- Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Rumania attained
independence
Ottoman Decline
Ottoman Empire:
“The Sick Man of Europe”
 Central Ottoman state had weakened
- provincial authorities and local warlords gained more
power, limited the government’s ability to raise money
- the Janissaries had become militarily ineffective
 The economy was hit hard by Western developments
- Europeans achieved direct access to Asia
- cheap European manufactured goods harmed Ottoman
artisans
- foreign merchants won immunity from Ottoman laws and
taxes
 Government came to rely on foreign loans to finance
economic development efforts
- Western European countries controlled all of the finances
Ottoman Reform
 Ambitious reforms, going considerably further than
the Chinese
- didn’t have an internal crisis on the scale of China
- did not have to deal with explosive population
growth
- rulers were Turkic and Muslim, not like foreign Qing
 Late eighteenth century: Selim III tried to establish
new military and administrative structures
- sent ambassadors to study European methods
- imported European advisers
- established technical schools
Further Reforms
 After 1839: more far-reaching measures (Tanzimat, or
“reorganization”) emerged
- beginning of an extensive process of industrialization
and modernization
- acceptance of the principle that all citizens are equal
before the law
- challenged the Islamic character of the state
- more Christians attained high office
- tide of secular legislation and secular schools
Identity
 Supporters of reform saw the Ottoman Empire as a secular state
- reform created a new class of writers, etc.—the “Young
Ottomans”
- urged creation of a constitutional regime
- modernism: accepted technology/science not materialism
 Sultan Abd al-Hamid II accepted a new constitution in 1876
- almost immediately suspended it
- turned to decisive autocracy in the face of a Russian invasion
- continued many educational, economic, and technical
reforms
- reactivated claim that the Ottoman sultans were caliphs and
spoke for the whole Islamic world
Identity
 Opposition coalesced around the “Young Turks”
(military and civilian elites)
- advocated a militantly secular public life
- shift to thinking in terms of a Turkish national state
 Ottoman Empire fell apart during WWI
 Distinction between Muslim and non-Muslim subjects
Comparing:
China and the Ottoman Empire
 By 1900, both were “semicolonies”
 Both gave rise to a new nationalist conception of society
 China: the imperial system collapsed in 1911
a. followed by a vast revolution
b. creation of a Communist regime by 1949, within the
same territory
 Ottoman Empire: collapsed following World War I
- a new, smaller nation-state created “Turkey”
 Chinese revolutionaries rejected Confucian culture much
more than Turkish leaders rejected Islam
Tokugawa Shogunate
Tokugawa shoguns had ruled since about 1600
- main task was preventing civil war among rival
feudal lords(the daimyo)
- Japan enjoyed internal peace from 1600 to 1850
- daimyo were strictly regulated but retained
considerable autonomy
- Japan wasn’t unified by a single law, currency, or
central authority that reached to the local level
- hierarchical society: samurai at the top, then
peasants, artisans, and merchants at the bottom
Tokugawa Period
Change in the Tokugawa period
 Samurai evolved into a bureaucratic/administrative class
 Great economic growth, commercialization, and urban
development
 By 1750, Japan was perhaps the most urbanized country
- 10 percent of population lived in cities or towns
- Edo (Tokyo) had a million residents
 High literacy rates (40 percent of males, 15 percent of
females)
- some samurai turned to commerce
- many merchants prospered
- many peasants moved to cities, despite edicts
 Corruption was widespread
- uprisings of the poor, both rural and urban
The Meiji Restoration
 U.S. sent Commodore Perry in 1853
- demand better treatment for castaways
- right to refuel and buy provisions
- the opening of trade ports
 The shogun gave in to Perry’s demands
- the shogun’s spinelessness triggered a civil war
 1868, a group of young samurai from the south took over
- they claimed to be restoring the 15-year-old emperor Meiji
to power
- aimed to save Japan from the foreigners by
transformation of Japanese society rather than resistance
 West wasn’t as interested in Japan as it was in China
Meiji Restoration
Japanese Modernization
 First task was creating national unity
- attacked power and privileges of the daimyo and the
samurai
- dismantled the Confucian-based social order, almost
all Japanese became legally equal
 Widespread interest in many aspects of the West, from
science to hairstyles
- official missions were sent to the West, hundreds of
students studied abroad
- translation of Western books into Japanese
Japanese Modernization
 Eventually settled down to more selective borrowing
from the West
- combined foreign and Japanese elements, e.g., in the
1889 constitution
 Feminism and Christianity made little progress
 Shinto was raised to the level of a state cult
Industrialization
 State-guided industrialization program
- established model factories, built railroads, created
postal, telegraph, and banking systems
- many state enterprises were then sold to private
investors
- accomplished modernization without acquiring
foreign debt
Social Effects of Industrialization
 Society paid a heavy price
- many peasant families were impoverished
- countryside suffered infanticide, sale of daughters,
and famine
- early urban workers received harsh treatment
- efforts to organize unions were repressed
- labor movements was crushed by end of 1901
- authorities emphasized theme of service to the
state and ideas of the enterprise as a family
Japan and the World
 By the early twentieth century, Western powers
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readjusted treaties in Japan’s favor
Anglo-Japanese Treaty of 1902 recognized Japan as an
equal
Japanese empire building
- wars against China (1894–1895) and Russia (1904–
1905)
- gained colonial control of Taiwan and Korea
- won a foothold in Manchuria
Japan’s rise was widely admired
Colonial policies were more brutal than Europeans
20th Century Japanese Imperialism