Transcript Chapter 19 PowerPoint

CHAPTER 19
Internal Troubles, External
Threats: China, the Ottoman
Empire, and Japan
1800–1914
Imperialism: Crash Course World
History #35 - YouTube
A.
The nineteenth century was Europe’s greatest
age of global expansion.
• 1. became the center of the world economy
• 2. millions of Europeans moved to regions
beyond Europe (European migration)
• 3. explorers and missionaries reached nearly
everywhere
• 4. much of the world became part of
European colonies (By 1914, 85% of the world
was under Western control)
Most peoples of Asia, Middle East, Africa, and Latin
America had to deal in some way with European
imperialism.
Four main dimensions of European imperialism
confronted these societies:
• 1. military might and political ambitions of
rival European states
• 2. involvement in a new world economy that
radiated from Europe
• 3. influence of aspects of traditional European
culture (e.g., language, religion, literature)
• 4. engagement with the culture of modernity
B.
New Motives, New Means
• 1. the Industrial Revolution fueled much of
Europe’s expansion. The need for:
• Raw Materials
• New Markets
B. New Motives, New Means
• 2. growth of mass nationalism in Europe
made imperialism broadly popular
•
a.
Italy and Germany unified by 1871
•
b. colonies were a status symbol
B. New Motives, New Means
• 3. industrial-age developments made
overseas expansion possible
•
a.
steamships
•
b. underwater telegraph
•
c.
quinine
•
d. Advancements in fire arms
Fire Arms Developments of the late
1800s made conquest possible
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rifling
breech loading
new bullets → brass cartridges
percussion lock: meant that a
gun could fire in any weather
smokeless powder
use of steel – made production
cheaper in mass amounts
Modern Marvels S09E40 Bullets - YouTube
4 min up to 19:30min
Machine Gun
2. ________________development
in
the late 1800‘s allowed for European
Domination
1884: Maxim Gun
1
8
8
4
:
-precision accuracy
M
a
up to a half-mile
x
range.
i
m
G
u - YouTube
Shooting the Russian Maxim 1910
n
-shot 11 bullets per
second.
C. New Perceptions of Others
“Civilizing”
• ___________Mission
:
missionaries believed to
become “civilized”, the people
of Africa and Asia must convert
to Christianity; others believed
Western civilization was
superior to all others
encouraging European
languages and Western
Lifestyles.
Stories of Scottish doctor and Missionary David Livingstone’s 1841
• journey helped spur European interest in African exploration.
What Italian merchant’s book led to exploration in the 15th Century?
Marco Polo
White Man’s Burden
• 1.“Take up the White
Man's “burden-----Send forth the best ye
breed---• 2.Go, bind your sons
to exile --To serve
your captives‘need;
• 3.To wait, in heavy
harness, --On fluttered
folk and On and wild--• 4. Your new--caught
sullen peoples, --Half
devil and half child.”
Rudyard Kipling’s Poem
promoted the belief that
European’s had a moral
responsibility to civilize
primitive people.
Social Darwinism: Racism
• Some Europeans adapted
Darwin’s ideas about the
evolution of animals to
explain differences among
survival
human beings: “_______of
the fittest”
• Social Darwinists believed
white Europeans were the
fittest people and had
obligation to spread
western culture, politics
and their religion.
Types and Development
of Man, 1904
Western Civilization, the
cradle of morality and
education; bringing light
into the world in the
presence of darkness. In
Status and achievement
we have:
1. The Anglo-American
and European peoples.
2. The Burly Russian
3. The Japanese
4. The Hindu
5. The Turk
6. The Chinese
7. The Arab
8. The Indian
9. The Negro
10. The Ainu
11. The Bushman
12. The Neanderthal
Asian Responses to Imperialism: Crash Course World
History #213 - YouTube
• How did European Imperialism influence the
Ottoman Empire, China, and Japan?
• How did the Ottoman Empire, China, and
Japan respond to European Imperialism?
A. Both China and the Ottoman
Empire:
• 1. had felt that they did not need to learn
from the West
• 2. avoided direct colonial rule, but were
diminished
• 3. attempted “defensive modernization”
• 4. suffered a split in society between
modernists and those holding traditional
values
Reversal of Fortune: China’s Century of Crisis
• 1. China was, to a large degree, a victim of its
own success
•
a.
population had grown from about 100
million in 1685 to some 430 million in 1853
•
b.
but China didn’t have an accompanying
Industrial Revolution
•
c.
growing pressure on the land,
impoverishment, starvation
• 2. Chinese bureaucracy did not keep pace with
growing population
The British would be the first to really get their foot
into the door in China, and find a product the
Chinese wanted to buy. What was it?
•
Opium
What is Opium?
•Opium is highly addictive drug that causes a drowsy,
dreamy state leading to a deep sometimes-dreamless sleep.
• Opium is the milky latex fluid
contained in the un-ripened seed pod of
the opium poppy. As the fluid is
exposed to air, it hardens and turns
black in color. This dried form is
typically smoked
• Tolerance (the need for higher and
higher doses to maintain the same
effect) and physical and psychological
dependence develop quickly.
Withdrawal from opium causes nausea,
tearing, yawning, chills, and sweating.
Opium Wars: When the Chinese government tried to stop the import
of opium into its country, Great Britain fought two wars against China.
forced Chinese to accept free trade and “proper” relations among
countries (Treaty of Nanjing (1842)/ Open Door Policy) “unequal
treaties” inhibited China’s industrialization and hurt the Qing dynasty
•
• 3. culmination of China’s internal crisis: the Taiping
Uprising
1850–1864
•
a.
leader Hong Xiuquan (1814–1864) proclaimed himself
the younger brother of Jesus, sent to establish a “heavenly kingdom
of great peace”
•
b.
called for radical equality
c.
even planned to industrialize China
•
d.
rebellion was crushed by 1864
• 4. resolution of the Taiping rebellion consolidated the power of
the provincial gentry even more
•
a.
intense conservatism, so China’s problems weren’t
resolved
•
b.
the massive civil war had seriously weakened the
Chinese economy
•
c.
20 million–30 million people died in the rebellion
Conservative leaders feared that development
would harm the landlord class
3. Boxer Rebellion (1900): militia
organizations killed many Europeans and
Chinese Christians, besieged foreign embassies
in Beijing
•
a.
Western powers and Japan occupied
Beijing to crush the revolt
•
b. imposed massive reparation
payments on China
The Ottoman Empire and the West in the
Nineteenth Century
“The Sick Man of Europe”
• 1. 1750: the Ottoman Empire was still strong, at
center of the Islamic world; by 1900, was known as
“the sick man of Europe”
•
2.
region by region, Islamic world fell under
Christian rule, and the Ottomans couldn’t prevent it
•
a.
Ottomans lost territory to Russia, Britain,
Austria, and France
•
b.
Napoleon’s 1798 invasion of Egypt was
especially devastating
•
c.
Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Rumania
attained independence
• 3. central Ottoman state had weakened
• 4. the economy was hit hard by Western
developments
• 5. had reached a state of dependency on
Europe
C.
Reform and Its Opponents
1. Ottomans attempted ambitious reforms, going
considerably further than the Chinese
2. late eighteenth century: Selim III tried to establish new
military and administrative structures
•
a.
sent ambassadors to study European methods
•
b.
imported European advisers
•
c.
established technical schools
•
a.
beginning of an extensive process of
industrialization and modernization
•
b.
acceptance of the principle that all citizens are
equal before the law
•
c.
tide of secular legislation and secular schools
Outcomes: Comparing China and the
Ottoman Empire
• 1. by 1900, both China and the Ottoman Empire were
“semicolonies”
• 2. both gave rise to a new nationalist conception of
society
• 3. China: the imperial system collapsed in 1911
•
a.
followed by a vast revolution
•
b.
creation of a Communist regime by 1949, within
the same territory
• 4. Ottoman Empire: the empire collapsed following World
War I
• 5. Chinese revolutionaries rejected Confucian culture
much more than Turkish leaders rejected Islam
• reform created a new class of writers, etc.—
the “Young Ottomans”
•
b. urged creation of a constitutional
regime
•
c.
Islamic modernism: accepted
Western technology and science but not its
materialism
Japan: Learned to Adapt and rose to
South East Asian Dominance
Japan was isolated from outsiders. Commodore Matthew
Perry from this nation was the first to open up Japan’s ports?
United States
Japan’s government began to realize if they didn’t become
like the West they would be conquered by the West!
• Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and
Nationalism: Crash Course World History #34 YouTube
During the late 1800’s Japan went through a period of rapid
modernization, where it dropped its traditional samurai
culture and adopted western culture, schooling, and
technology. What was this time period called?
Meiji Restoration
Samurai culture
• Similar to Feudalism of
Middle Ages in Europe
• Ruling and Warrior Class
• Status and land was inherited
• Bushido-The Way of the
Warrior-Honor, Loyalty,
Courage, Respect
• Seppuku- “stomach-cutting" is
a form of Japanese ritual suicide
by disembowelment. Seppuku
was originally reserved only for
samurai.
The Last Samurai: Seppuku YouTube
Satsuma Rebellion
• Samurai vs. Meiji government
• Tradition vs Modernization and
Westernization of Japan
• Meiji government hired experts from
France, Britain, and the Netherlands to
modernize their military
• They hired American experts to modernize
their school system.
• The Last Samurai is based on this rebellion
Saigō's Last Stand
Battle of Shiroyama, Semptember
1, 1877
• Imperial Japanese
Army
• 30,000 troops
• Samurai of Satsuma
• 400 samurai led by
Saigō Takamori
Winner: Imperial Japanese Army and Modernization and
Westernization in Japan
Last Samurai Battle – YouTube
Last samurai (2003) - final battle – YouTube
Last Samurai - Katsumoto - YouTube
Samurai and Saigo legacy
• Although this traditional culture
was replaced in the late 1800’s by
western culture, the Samurai
culture is still remembered
positively in Japan.
• During WW II the government and
military tried to evoke the samurai
spirit in propaganda. Kamikaze
pilots came from the notion of
Seppukku.
Once a villain, a statue of Saigo
Takomori stands as a tribute to him
and samurai culture.
Japan would become the first non-western Imperial power
during the age of Imperialism. What nations did it
takeover by 1918?
Korea and
Manchuria
• https://jeopardylabs.com/play/chapter-19imperialism-asia-part-1