Transcript The Ottoman Empire From Osman to the Young Turks

The Ottoman
Empire
From Osman to the Young Turks
http://euroheritage.net/serbscroatsbosnians.shtml
Spath – 351 CPME
Readings
M.E. & Islamic World Reader – Origins of Islam, excerpts
from Qu’ran, the Caliphate, schism, various early dynasties,
The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires,
In Cleveland – Tanzimat period of the Ottoman Empire
(1839-1876).
Today:
Ottoman Empire (end of 13th c. – 1922)
We will cover up to the turn of the 20th century
Big Questions:
- What happened? How did the empire change?
- Why was the Ottoman Empire so dominant?
- Why did it decline?
- Why is this important to contemporary ME politics?
Where are We Going?
- Thursday: Colonialism
- Monday (9/21): WWI, Inter-War Years, Ideological Trends
But first…
- Rise and Decline of Muslim Caliphate (and associated dynasties)
- Feudalism among Muslim societies
- Two sets of elites (military and religious)
Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals became
dominant after Mongol Empire. Why?
- Legacy of Mongols
- Feudalism around agrarianism
- Increased revenue from trade
- Gunpowder
- Strategies of Governance
The Gunpowder Empires
Why were they dominant?
- Mongol Legacy
-Agrarianism
- Trade Revenue
- Gunpowder
- Governing Strategies
The Ottomans:
- Started with Osman and his son Orhan
- Gazi Tradition
- Pragmatic Considerations
Ottoman Rule
- Gaza
- Centralization of different kinds
- Toleration of local customs
- Dynastic Succession
- Devshirme Levy
- Three-level ruling elite
The Ottoman Empire
18th Century:
Decline
- Decentralization
- External Forces
19th Century: Towards Consolidation
and Re-centralization
- Selim III
- Muhammad
Ali
- Mahmud II
Discussion: Tanzimat and Its Effects
-“Reorganization” – continuation of reforms
- Focus on more than military and bureaucracy, also on
society
- Rate of Change was faster
- Comprehensive Education Reforms
- Huge land reform changes – increased private ownership
- Legal reforms… why? Attempted to make ottoman law
appropriate for Europeans to lift Capitulations; secular
courts; civil code developed; nationality law; gave more
control to millets
EXTRA CREDIT