Transcript Reaction and Revolution: The Growth of Nationalism

Reaction and Revolution: The
Growth of Nationalism
By
Milda Vielaviciute
Lauryn Childress
Anja Bjelakovic
Andy Oliver
Andryw Gooding
Reaction and Revolution:
The Growth of Nationalism
• After Napoleon’s reign ended, Great
European powers moved to restore much
of the old order
• Met at the Congress of Vienna
• One proposition was to intervene in
rebellions
– Britain did not agree
Forces for Change
• Liberalism – belief that people should be
as free from restraint as possible
– Adopted by middle-class, especially
bourgeoisie
• Nationalism – belief that primary political
loyalty of people should be to their
countries
– Threat to existing political order
• In 1848, these forces erupted
Revolutions of 1848
• France
– King Louis Philippe refused to make changes
and was overthrown
– Radical Republicans took over and wrote a
new constitution
– Established a republic
– In the elections held for president, Charles
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (the nephew of
Napoleon) won
Revolution in Central Europe
• Germanic Confederation
– 38 loosely connected states
– German and Prussian rulers promised a constitution,
free press, jury trials and other liberal reforms, but
they never came
– Germany’s revolution failed
• Austrian Empire
– Mix of many states who wanted their own
governments
– Czech revolt was crushed, meaning the failure of the
Austrian Empire revolution
Revolts in the Italian States
• Italy was under the control of Austria
• Young Italy, the Italian unity movement,
initially succeeded
• Within a year, Austria reestablished control
• Revolts had failed
Nationalistic Revolts in Latin
America
• While Spain and Portugal were weak after
Napoleon, the Latin American states arose
– Miguel Hidalgo
• Revolutionary hero
• Gathered a large group of Indians and revolted against the
Spanish
• Forces were crushed
– Other Indians overthrew the Spanish and Augustin de
Iturbide was named the first emperor of Mexico.
• In South America, Jose de San Martin and
Simon Bolivar led successful revolutions against
the Spanish
The Difficulties of Nation Building
• The new nations had no experience in self
governing
– Tried to become republics
– Soon they became ruled by militaristic force
• Since Latin America was a major source of raw
goods, it soon became controlled by foreign
powers
• Military aristocracy took over much of the power
– Caudillas
Nationalism in the Balkans: The
Ottoman Empire and the Eastern
Question
• The southern states under Ottoman control sought
change, especially at the Empire began to decline
– Serbia freed itself
• Greece also broke away from the Turks
• A year later, Russia declared war on Ottoman Empire
– British and French fleets also helped
• Treaty of Adrianople
– Gave Russia protectorate over Moldavia and Wallachia
– Allowed Russia, France and Britain to decide the fate of Greece
• In 1830, Greece became an independent kingdom
The Crimean War
• Russians and Turks fought because of Russian
demands for the right to protect Christian shrines
in Palestine
• Turks, and later France and Britain, declared
war on Russia
• During the war, Russia was defeated
• Results
– Russia was ashamed of the defeat and withdrew from
the world for 20 years
– Austria had no allies
– Helped Italy and Germany in becoming independent
states.
Conclusion
• Liberalism and nationalism transformed
the world
• Revolts in Western Europe initially failed
but succeeded later
• Revolts in Eastern Europe succeeded, but
resulted in withdrawal of Britain and
Russia from world affairs