Transcript Nationalism Triumphs in Europe and the Growth of Western

 Nationalism: A strong feeling of pride in and devotion
to one’s country.
 Following the defeat of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna
met to create a peace settlement in Europe.
Battle of Waterloo
 The Congress’s purpose was to establish a balance of
power in Europe and return monarchs to power.
Prince Klemens von
Metternich
Congress of Vienna (1814 – 1815)
 However, the French Revolution had inspired the rise of
nationalistic movements in many European countries.
 Nationalism is the loyalty of a people to their values,
traditions, and geography.
 Nationalism develops in an area that has common customs,
language, and history.
Nationalistic Movements:
 The unification of Germany was led by Otto von
Bismarck.
Building a German Nation
With Napoleon gone the Congress of Vienna created the
German Confederation headed by Austria.
In 1848 people again demanded German political unity under
the leadership of Frederick William IV of Prussia – he
rejected the notion of a throne offered by “the people”.
 Under a Prussian, Otto von Bismarck, the German
states were united through a series of “wars of
unification”. In the Franco-Prussian War Napoleon III
surrendered after a mere few weeks. Due to this
Bismarck is considered the architect of German
unity.
 In January 1871, William I of Prussia took the title of
kaiser (emperor) of Germany – ushering in the
Second Reich
(empire) – heir to the First Reich,
the Holy Roman Empire.
Germany Strengthens
In the aftermath of unification
Germany emerged as the
industrial giant of the European
continent; it’s shipping was
second only to Britain.
Germany had many advantages, its
iron and coal deposits, along with
a population surge served to
propel Germany forward.
Germany becomes the model of social
reform for other European countries.
Although workers benefited from
Bismarck’s plans, they did not abandon
socialism; the socialist party continued
to grow and held the most seats in the
Reichstag (Germany’s parliament) by
1912.
 In 1888, William II took over from his
father, forced the resignation of
Bismarck, and expanded the German
military and navy, while building an
overseas empire.
 The unification of Italy was led by Giuseppe Garibaldi and
Camillo di Cavour.
Camillo di Cavour
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Unifying Italy
By the early 1800s Italian patriots
were determined to build a new,
united Italy.
Between 1820 and 1848 nationalist
revolts exploded across the region
– each time Austria sent troops to
crush the rebels.
Under the shrewd leadership of
Count Camillo Cavour and Giuseppe
Garibaldi Italy was united in 1861
with Victor Emmanuel II its king.
Later wars would add Rome and
Venitia.
Unifying Italy
Though united, strong regional
divisions between the north and
south, as well as disputes with the
Catholic Church served to impede
growth.
Growth did come with
industrialization in northern Italy by
1900, which saw a population
explosion and emigration to the
Americas.
 The unification of Italy and of Germany resulted in
upsetting the balance of power in Europe
Nationalism Threatens
Old Empires
In Eastern and Central
Europe, the Austrians and
Ottoman Turks ruled lands
that included diverse ethnic
groups. Nationalist feelings
among these subject
peoples contributed to
tensions building across
Europe.
Nationalism Threatens
Old Empires
 Austria-Hungary
 Of its 50 million people in the mid-1800s,
fewer that a quarter were Germanspeaking Austrians, and almost half
belonged to different Slavic groups
 Under a new leader, Francis Joseph, and
inspired by 1848 revolts, limited reforms
were made. These reforms failed to
satisfy Hungary in their calls for
independence.
 In 1867 the dual monarchy of AustriaHungary was formed
 Ethic unrest continued to rise however…
German
Speaking
Austrians
Ethnic Slavic
People
Other
Nationalism Threatens
Old Empires
 The Ottoman Empire
 After the independence of Serbia and
Greece earlier, various other groups
staged revolts against the Ottomans.
 By the mid-1800s European powers
had begun to see the Ottomans as
weak. Eagerly they scrambled to
divide up the lands;

Russia pushed south,

Austria-Hungary pushed west into
Bosnia and Herzegovina,

Britain and France set their sights
on lands in the Middle East and
North Africa.
A complex web of competing
interests developed in the region
between regional and European
powers, leading to what many
would call the region as the
“Balkan powder keg.
Russia: Reform and
Reaction
By 1815, Russia was not only the largest, most populace nation in Europe
but also a great power. However, it remained economically
undeveloped.
Under Alexander II the serfs were freed (emancipated) from the land,
freeing them to move to the growing cities for work in Russian
industries.
Russia: Reform and
Reaction
 Under Alexander III’s son, Nicholas II,
Russia entered the industrial age in
the 1890s with railroads and industry.
 Poor conditions saw Marxist ideas
gain popularity.
 Following the defeat of Russia to
Japan in the Russo-Japanese wars of
1904-5, as well as “Bloody Sunday”
that saw hundreds dead at the Czar’s
Winter Palace on January 22, 1905,
discontent exploded all over Russia.
 By 1914 Russia was still an autocracy,
but one simmering with unrest…
Democratic Reform in
Britain
Reforming Parliament
•
The Reform Act of 1832 gave the middle
class more power.
The Victorian Age
•
Queen Victoria became symbolic of Britain
and of Victorian ideals of morality. She
believed that the lower classes should be
given more of a voice.
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Democratic Reform in
Britain
A New Era in British Politics
• In the latter part of the 19th century, the
Liberal and Conservative parties each
made reforms that increased the size of
the electorate.
• Britain became a parliamentary
democracy, and the power of the House
of Lords was diminished.
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Social and Economic
Reform in Britain
A Series of Reforms
During the early and mid 1800s, Parliament instituted reforms in the areas of
protective tariffs (repealing the Corn Laws), slavery (banning it in all British
colonies), and criminal punishments (reducing the number of capital offenses).
Victories for the Working Class
In the 1800s and early 1900s, Parliament passed laws aimed at improving social conditions. Such laws limited the workday of
women and children, regulated workplace safety, improved workers’ housing, and established old-age pensions and
unemployment insurance.
A Struggle to Win Votes for Women
Parliament finally granted suffrage to women over 30 in 1918. When peaceful protests saw no results, radical suffragists had
made their cause more apparent by destroying property.
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Division and Democracy in
France
France Under Napoleon III
Napoleon III eventually extended some
democratic rights to French citizens, but many of
them lived in poverty
Challenges of the Third Republic
Civil war erupted in 1871 as a result of the
conditions that ended the Franco-Prussian War.
The Third Republic emerged with a two-house
legislature that gave power to a premier. A
multitude of parties led to a coalition government
that was unstable.
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Expansion of the United
States
Territorial Expansion
In the 1800s, the United States extended the
nation’s boundaries to include the land west
of the Mississippi River gained in the
Louisiana Purchase, as well as Florida,
Oregon, the Republic of Texas, California and
the Southwest, Alaska, and the Hawaiian
Islands.
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Nationalism: A strong feeling of pride in
and devotion to one’s country.
The last half of the 1800s can be called the Age of Nationalism. By harnessing national feeling,
European leaders fought ruthlessly to create strong, unified nations. Germany and Italy
unified under nationalism, the Austrians and Ottomans fought to keep their empires in
tact, and Russians started to challenge the power of the Czar (Tsar). Under Otto von
Bismarck, Germany emerged as Europe’s most powerful empire – but at a considerable
cost. Where once the world saw Germany as a center for the Northern Renaissance, it was
now viewed as conquerors and destroyers. Neither loved nor respected, only feared.
All the while Western Democracies formed and grew in Britain, France, and the United States.
A series of political reforms during the 1800s and early 1900s transformed Great Britain
from a monarchy and aristocracy into a democracy, Manifest Destiny saw the United
States expand from coast to coast (and beyond), and under the Napoleonic Code France
emerged as the largest democratic country in Europe.