Transcript liberty, equality and fraternity

Nationalism
Nationalism
The belief that one’s greatest loyalty is to
a shared culture.
 Includes common history, language,
religion and nationality.

2 Types of Nationalist Movements
1.
Unification:

2.
People of common culture from different
nations were joined together
Separation:

Groups splintered off from their current
government to form one that was more
representative of their own interests.
Liberals and radicals led nationalist
movements in Europe.
Nationalism in France
Napoleon was defeated in 1815.
 Congress of Vienna put monarchs back in
power & tried to suppress the democratic
movement of the French Revolution.
 Ideals of liberty, equality and
fraternity had already spread.
 These ideals inspired other nationalist
movements.

The Congress of Vienna
Met to decide the fate of Europe after the
Napoleonic Wars.
 Wanted to keep a balance of power
between the major countries of Europe.

Nationalism in the Balkans
Greece rebelled against the Ottoman
Empire in 1821.
 Gained independence in 1830.

Revolutions occurred in Belgium, Italy and
Russia.
France
Charles X tried to establish an absolute
monarchy in 1830.
 He was replaced by Louis-Philippe.
 Louis-Philippe lost favor with the French
people and lost control in 1848.
 He was overthrown.
 France was made a republic.

After France was made a republic…

Radicals were divided…
 They
next!

had different ideas about what to do
Moderates took control!
 Elected
 Louis
a president:
Napoleon: Napoleon Bonaparte’s nephew
 Established
a parliamentary system
Louis-Napoleon
He eventually took the title of Emperor
Napoleon III.
 Stabilized & Industrialized France!

Nationalism in Italy
Stirrings of Nationalism
Italian Peninsula had not been unified since fall of
Roman Empire

Most spoke same language, but peninsula divided into
competing states, each with own government

Napoleon invaded Italy


United many states under one government

Unification did not last

After Napoleon’s defeat, Congress of Vienna split Italian states
Spirit of nationalism began to rise through Europe
Italian Unification

Piedmont-Sardinia was the largest/most
powerful Italian state
 Liberal
Constitution
 Many Italians wanted to be unified under this
state!

Austria occupied northern Italy
 Count
Camillo di Cavour, with French help,
won northern Italy from Austria.

Giuseppe Garibaldi captured Sicily in the
south.
 Army
of Red Shirts
Italian Unification Cont’d
Cavour convinced Garibaldi to unite the
two sections.
 1880-King Victor Emmanuel II led the
united Italy.
 Rome was capital.
 Venetia and the Papal States were soon
added.

German Nationalism
The German Confederation
39 loosely joined states
 Austria and Prussia were the largest/most
powerful German states.

Prussia
Germanic population
 Powerful army
 Liberal constitution
 Kaiser Wilhelm I was in power.

 Supported
by the Junkers
 Appointed Otto Von Bismarck (a Junker) to be
Prime Minister.
Bismarck
Bismarck took control of Prussia.
 Realpolitik: the politics of reality
 He said that decisions would be made by
“blood and iron.”
 Wanted German unification!

German Unification

3 Wars of German Unification. These
were with…
Denmark
2. Austria
3. France
1.
Germany V Denmark

Austria and Prussia formed an alliance to
take land from Denmark.
The Seven Weeks War

Bismarck purposefully created border
conflicts with Austria to provoke them into
declaring war on Prussia.
The Franco-Prussian War







Bismarck needed support from the rest of the
German states.
Changed the wording of a telegram to make it
seem like Wilhelm I had insulted the French
ambassador to Prussia.
Published the telegram in the media.
French were mad and declared war.
This began the Franco-Prussian War.
Napoleon III was defeated.
Germany was unified!!!