Transcript Ch 24 - Quia

Ch 24
1848 Revolutions:
“the turning-point at which
modern history failed to turn”
Source: G.M. Trevelyan,
historian
Unification of Italy and Germany
Realism
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Belgium, one
more time
European powers will
tell Belgium
nationalists:
O.K., be independent,
but you’ll have to
remain neutral.
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Long-Term Causes:
Liberalism and Nationalism
Short term causes:
The “hungry forties” + population growth = scarcity + unemployment
Results:
Failed - Why?
Liberals did not unite with working class.
Working-class movement not strong enough yet.
Liberals also failed in their nationalist goals.
Military suppression
Still significant because....
Nationalists, realizing the power of the masses,
will go on to lead nationalist movements via conservative leade
Unification of Italy and Germany will be led by conservative
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leaders and ideologies not liberals.
1848 Revolutions
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Timeline of 1848 Revolutions in France
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•
Louis Philippe, The July Monarchy 1830, by 1848 opposes reform
The February Revolution 1848:
• Republicans – banquets
• Francois Guizot – PM to King Louis Philippe
• barricades – king abdicates
• A provisional government rules
• Constitutional monarchists (liberals) vs. Republicans (radicals)
• 10 men - Louis Blanc, socialist, National Workshops
• Constituent Assembly elected by universal male suffrage
• Divisions: “Legitimists” moderates and socialists
• June Days 1848
• Barricades go up due to closing of National Workshops
• Constituent Assembly creates a constitution with a strong executive
power – President – Louis Napoleon wins election
• National Assembly ends universal male suffrage
• Changes:
• From a constitutional monarchy (1815 – 1848) to
• The Second French Republic 1848 – 1852 to
• The Second French Empire 1852
– 1870 Emperor Napoleon III
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Louis Napoleon
Napoleon III
• Give evidence from your textbook that
supports just how
• conservative
• liberal
• socialist
• he was.
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End of rule of Napoleon III - abdicates the throne.
1871 - German Empire declared in the Hall of Mirrors of Versailles,
France after the Franco-Prussian War
This begins the Third French Republic
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1848 Revolution in France What changed?
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Did liberalism triumph?
Did workers triumph?
Did women triumph?
Did the Catholic Church triumph? The Falloux Laws
1850 – education under control of church
Did monarchists, “legitimists” triumph?
Did Socialists triumph?
Compare the 1848 revolution with the
Second Stage of the French Revolution.
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1848 Revolutions in Germany
Johann Christian Schoeller,
“Caricature of Metternich’s Flight, “ 1848
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Spoiler Alert:
A cheerful Frederick William works with Louis Napoleon and
Franz Joseph to sweep the revolutionaries out of Europe in this
cartoon published by F. Schroeder in the Duesseldorf Monthly in
1849
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The Three Germanies:
Prussia, Berlin Uprisings, King Frederick
William IV reacts by promising a
constitution, “crown from the gutter,” writes
his own in 1850 – a three-class system
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Austria:
• Budapest – Hungary –
Magyars – Diet – March
laws – ethnic minorities 
Ferdinand I – Metternich
Vienna students –
emancipation of serfs 
Prague – Bohemia,
Czech, Pan-Slavic
congress. Emperor
Francis Joseph sends in
military 
German Confederation:
• The Frankfurt Parliament,
a liberal attempt at
unification, no army, no
conservative or working
class support, not united
on plan for unity – fails 
King Frederick William IV’s
Three-class voting system
The Three-class voting system of Prussia.
This voting system existed in Prussia/Germany 1850 - 1918.
Wealthiest 3% of the Prussian population got to elect 1/3 of the representatives
Next wealthiest 10% of the population also got to elect 1/3 of the representatives
Everyone else = 87% of the population also got to elect 1/3 of the representatives
Is this fair?
+ Allowed all males to vote = universal male suffrage
- The wealthiest, who constitute only 3% of the population
12 Parliament.
voted one-third of the Prussian
Lessons learned from 1848
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Liberalism became more conservative as
socialism and Marxism threatened the
stability of private property.
The working class adopted new strategies
instead of rioting and leading insurrections
as they turned to trade unions and political
parties.
Liberals refused to take on the plight of the
working class. That plus the willingness of
rulers to use force, made the revolutions
unsuccessful.
Permanent change in Austria, Hungary and eastern Prussia:
Emancipation of serfs
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Review of 1848 Revolutions
pages 706 - 719
•
Give specific evidence to support the quote “the turning-point that failed to
turn” as it applies to 1848 revolutions in: (include causes and results to
assess the level of success and explain why they did or did not succeed)
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France
Italian states
Austrian Empire
How radical, conservative or liberal was the Frankfurt Parliament? Include
specific articles in their constitution as evidence.
Evaluate the success of the rule of Louis Napoleon/ Napoleon III? Include
his use of public opinion, the power of the press and involvement in foreign
wars as a way to mask domestic problems.
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Unifications of Italy and
Germany
Count Camillo di Cavour
Otto von Bismarck
Mazzini Cavour Garibaldi
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Unification of Italy
Mazzini, founder of the
Young Italy Society
Both were Romantic
Republican
Nationalists
Garibaldi and his Red Shirts
Cavour:
•pragmatic
•Machiavellian
•realist
•opportunist
•Used war and
secret diplomacy
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Cavour,
Prime Minister
of Piedmont
Victor Emmanuel II
King of Piedmont
Unification of Italy
• Cavour - moderate, liberal; wants Italy to be a
constitutional monarchy once united
• He was a liberal who worked for free trade and railway construction and expansion
of credit.
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He believed that if Italy showed Europe its economic and military worth then
European states would support its quest for unification; Italy helps Britain and
France in the Crimean War.
Turns to France, Napoleon III, for help in unification. If France helped Italy provoke
a war against Austria, Italy would give France Nice and Savoy once united.
Napoleon III agrees in a secret treaty.
Piedmont mobilizes troops and Austria demands demobilization of Italy and
mobilizes themselves. France intervened to aid its ally, Italy.
Fearing too strong of an Italy, France negotiates a secret treaty with Austria and
Austria keeps Venetia.
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Garibaldi now leads romantic
republican nationalist movement
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Garibaldi using guerilla warfare (as he had done in Latin American
independence movement) is fighting in southern Italy, unify one region
at a time.
Cavour and Garibaldi join forces as Garibaldi accepts unification
under the kingdom of Piedmont.
1861 Victor Emmanuel II proclaimed king of Italy
However, French troops continued to occupy Rome until FrancoPrussian War calls them back in 1870.
By 1870, all except provinces of Trent and the city of Trieste (still
controlled by Austria) were united in the new state of Italy. Italian
nationalists still wanted to liberate Trent and Trieste from Austrian
rule. Italia irredente, or unredeemed Italy referred to this desire to
liberate Trent and Trieste from Austrian rule. This becomes the
reason why Italy joins WWI.
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Unification of Germany
Otto von Bismarck
“iron and blood” Chancellor;
pragmatist not idealist: puts more
trust in actions than ideals.
William I,
King of Prussia
Kaiser
Germany is not looking to Prussia’s liberalism but to her
power. . . . The great questions of the day will not be decided
by speeches and majority decisions - that was the mistake of
1848-1849 - but by iron and blood.
Otto von Bismarck, first speech as Prime Minister (1862).
Why is Prussia the dominant state to lead unification?
How does Bismarck do it? Machiavelli’s amoral politics.
Will he aim for Kleideutsch, smaller Germany solution, excluding
Austria or Grossdeutsche, greater19German, including Austria?
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Unification of
Germany
Opposed liberal Parliament, favored constitutional monarchy; pursued a kleindutsch
solution to unification - no Austria
Uses war as an instrument for unification
The Danish War 1864 - will end up uniting northern German states with Prussia
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Schleswig-Holstein - Austria took Holstein and Prussia Schleswig; got Napoleon
III to promise neutrality and won loyalty of Russia in suppressing a Polish revolt;
got troops in Schleswig to revolt against Austria and ended up with entire
Schleswig-Holstein region.
Prussia then forms the Northern German Confederation 1867. Had a bicameral
legislature: Bundesrat (upper house, minister answered to the king) and Reichstag
(lower house, chosen by universal male suffrage). How can he now bring in the
southern states for a united Germany? Provoke war again.
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Franco-Prussian War
1870 - 1871
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Change in monarchy in Spain leads to the possibility of the new king coming from the
Hohenzollern family – distant cousin of William I of Prussia.
France’s diplomatic efforts succeed and William I withdraws his cousin as a candidate
to the Spanish throne. France not satisfied, wants assurance that it’s forever.
France sends ambassador to Bad Ems to speak to William I. William I sends telegram
to Bismarck on agreement reached and Bismarck changes the wording hoping to draw
an insulted France into war. Southern German states now join the North German
Confederation in war.
German Empire declared in the Hall of Mirrors of Versailles in 1871.
Napoleon III abdicates - end of Second French Empire and beginning of Third French
Republic.
Germany annexed Alsace and part of Lorraine.
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Bismarck’s thoughts on Austria in
between the Danish War and the
Franco-Prussian War
Otto von Bismarck: 1866
“We had to avoid wounding Austria too severely; we had to avoid leaving behind in her
any unnecessary bitterness of feeling or desire for revenge; we ought rather to reserve
the possibility of becoming friends again with our adversary of the moment, and in any
case to regard the Austrian state as a piece on the European chessboard. If Austria were
severely injured, she would become the ally of France and of every other opponent of
ours; she would even sacrifice her anti-Russian interests for the sake of revenge on
Prussia. . . .The acquisition of provinces like Austria Silesia and portions of Bohemia
could not strengthen the Prussian state; it would not lead to an amalgamation of
German Austria with Prussia, and Vienna could not be governed from Berlin as a mere
dependency. . . .Austria's conflict and rivalry with us was no more culpable than ours
with her; our task was the establishment or foundation of German national unity under
the leadership of the King of Prussia.”
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German Reich (empires)
First German Reich
The Second German Reich
1871-1918
Third German Reich
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Bismarck continues to work on
strengthening the German state
by going after...
The Catholic Church
“Kulturkampf”
an attack on the Church
German Social Democratic Party
SPD
1875 - 1933
See Bismarck’s speech on p 728
1883 - 1887
Bismarck pushes through social
reform in German parliament:
Results: Germany becomes the
1st welfare state by providing
healthcare and pension programs
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Reforms in Russia
• Social - serfs emancipated
1861
Austrian Empire
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Creation of
Austria-Hungary
1867 - 1918
Compromise (Ausgleich) of 1867
A dual monarchy
Alexander II “czar liberator”
Political - local governments
the mir, zemstvos
Potential Problems?
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