Transcript Nationalism
Nationalism and Other Changes in Europe: 1850-1871 A1 Group Presentations Revolutions of 1848 failed Liberalism and nationalism defeated by authoritarian conservative govt’s Within 25 years, goals sought by nationals and liberals achieved Achieved not by nationalist leaders but new generation of conservative leaders who practiced “realpolitik”- the politics of reality Toughness of mind. Being realistic when handling power Used armies and power politics to achieve foreign policy goals Manipulated liberal means to achieve conservative ends Goal: nation building France. By Kendall Maxwell, Chris Cooper and Emily Rosenfeld How did Napoleon III get elected?? By 1847, 1/3 of Parisian workers were unemployed. Louis-Philippe refused to grant suffrage, angering the middle class. The people held political banquets to call for reform, even when the government forbade it. Although Louis-Philippe now promised reform, in February 1848 he abdicated and fled to Britain. Louis Napoleon was elected by universal male suffrage, defeating four republicans associated with the Second Republic. Napoleon III’s Government He won the support of the citizenry over three years. When the government would not allow him to revise the constitution, so he took over by force. He controlled the armed forces, and the police and civil services. Only he could make legislation and declare war; the Legislative Corps had no say in his decisions. Economy Used government resources Started the construction of railroads, harbors, roads and canals. He also made the boulevards broader, making it harder for insurgents to throw up barricades. Paris- More spacious buildings, circular plazas, public squares, an underground sewage system, a new public water supply, and gaslights. Liberalization Napoleon used liberalization to fight opposition Legalized trade unions Gave opposing candidates more freedom to campaign Gave the Legislative Corps more say in state affairs In May of 1870, a plebiscite inaugurated a parliamentary regime. Crimean War 1853-1856 Between Ottoman Empire and Russia. Over protection of Christian shrines in Palestine. France got involved because it felt like the power of balance would be upset. The war broke apart the Concert of Europe. However, the war made it possible for the unification of Italy and Germany. His fall Napoleon III and the Second Republic’s downfall was brought about by the defeat of France at the hands of the Prussian army. Paris Commune As a result of disagreement on who should lead the government the Paris Commune was formed on March 18 1871. All workers were paid average wage within the commune. Marx was interested because it was the first time a communal living system was actually attempted. Anarchists were also interested. On May 28, 1871 the French government overthrew the commune. After the commune a new constitution was introduced in 1875, the 3rd Republic was created. It had a bicameral legislation system and lasted for the next 65 years. German Unification Chloe Woodard Julia Lawrence A-1 2-27-12 Germany before Napoleon Fragmented into 300 different states Wrecked power of German empires Foreign wars & aggression Napoleon saves Germany Consolidated German into 38 states This was a giant step toward unification AFTER NAPOLEON’S DEFEAT Since the defeat of Napoleon the two states that competed for control of Germany were 1. Austria & 2. Prussia Why was Prussia more successful? Organization Progressive reforms Zollverein German customs union. Eliminated tolls on rivers and roads Stimulated trade & prosperity Otto von Bismarck Prussia’s Prime Minister Man known for his strength, brilliance, &iron will Watching & hearing of German heroes as a child inspired a strong sense of nationalism in Bismarck However he did not like foreign conquers such as Napoleon and instead wanted to unite all of Germany Bismarck hated democracy Stated that the Prussia Reichstag (government) was inefficient. blogged itself down in speeches & resolutions Bismarck on building a German nation For Bismarck, the only way to build a German nation was to create policies of “blood and iron.” Austro-Prussian war Prussia (allied w/ Italy) vs. Austria Prussia had better military, better guns, and better railroad systems VICTORY for PRUSSIA Results of Austro-Prussian War Prussia gained lands from Austria Unified the northern German states into a confederation under Prussian leadership Took Venice from Austria and gave it, as promised, to Italy Franco-Prussian War Prussia (allied w/ Italy) vs. France France was considered the leading power in Europe BUT- Prussian training, equipment, leadership, and organization quickly smashed French armies Prussian WON (again) Results of France-Prussian War: Bismarck officially united German territories into the nation of Germany Declared Second Reich (German Empire) Declared Wilhelm I, King of Prussia, Kaiser of the German Empire. Kaiser- (literally Caesar or emperor) Prussia won territory from France (Alsace and Lorraine ) Italy got Rome from the French for the help it gave to Prussia Now that Germany is United Germany became an economic superpower through rapid industrialization. Balance of power in Europe was upset because: Germany’s unification Prussia’s treatment of France Industrialization of Germany Italian Unification Lorraine Papczynski and Maria Zepeda A1 European History Italian Revolution of 1848-1849 The Italian Revolution of 1848-1849 was fought against Austria in order to achieve the freedom of Italian states It was unsuccessful In order to achieve the goal of a united Italy the Italians relied on the Kingdom of Piedmont (which also included the island of Sardinia) Cauvor: Northern Italian Unification Count Camillo di Cavour organized the unification movement Prime Minister (1852) Pursed Piedmoneste Economy An economic policy Encouraged building of roads, canals, and railroads and fostering business enterprise by expanding credit and stimulating investment in new industries Cauvor: Northern Italian Unification Alliance with Napoleon III of France Wanted to drive out the Austrians from Italy If this happened Italy would be recognized Piedmont would expand into the kingdom of upper Italy by adding Lombardy, Ventia, Parma,Modena, and part of the Papal States to its territory France would receive Nice and Savoy Piedmontese provinces Was not successful Parma, Modena, Tuscany, and part of the Papal States joined the rebellion Napoleon made peace with Austria on July 11, 1859 because the struggle would be long and costly Prussia was mobilizing to the support of Austria Garibaldi: Southern Italian Unification Guiseppi Garibaldi: A long time Revolutionary leader Lead the Republic of Rome versus France He was upset that the price of Napoleon’s aid against Austria was the transfer of Savoy and Nice to French control (he was born in Nice) Lead the “Red Shirts” Garibaldi’s 1,000 man army of Italian nationalist conquerors Kicked out the Bourbon Dynasty (French) from Southern Italy and Sicily Papal States of Rome Drama: Rome still controlled by French Napoleon preferred Cavour (friendly w/ French) over Garibaldi (anti-French) Told the Cavour and the Sardinans to take/attack the Papal States before Garibaldi got there, but to keep Rome forthe French In 1860, Sardinia’s King, Victor Emmanuel, went south to meet Garibaldi who turned his conquest over to the King Venice and Rome In 1866 Italy helped its ally Prussia in the Austro-Prussian War which Italy won Venice Italy helped Prussia again in Franco-Prussian War and received Rome Nationalism New government encouraged nationalism and pulled Italy together by: Built a national railroad system to physically link its parts Established a national educational system to give its people similar cultural outlook and loyalty Formed a national army to enforce its policies and also unify men from all over Italy in a common cause Revolutions and Change in Austria and Russia By: Melissa Lopez, Jon Dierlam, and Ashley Carter From Austria to Austria-Hungary Habsburgs crushed the revolutions of 1848-1849 in which Hungary had tried to gain some independence Lasting result- emancipated serfs and compulsory labor services Restored centralized, autocratic government to the empire Industrialization in 1850 brought economic and social change to the empire Urban proletariat Labor unrest Industrial middle class Economic troubles and war brought change Emperor Francis Joseph attempted to establish an imperial parliament System was supposed to provide representation of nationalities but it ensured the election of a German speaking majority which again led to the alienation of minorities, especially the Hungarians From Austria to Austria-Hungary HUNGARIAN NATIONALISM IS FINALLY REWARDED!!! Military Disaster of Austro-Prussian War Austrians needed to make peace with the fiercely nationalistic Hungarians Ausgleich (Compromise of 1867) created dual Monarch of Austria- Hungary Each part had own constitution Bicameral legislature Each had independent control of their own domestic affairs Single Monarch for both nations Serfdom in Russia Tsar Alexandar II believed Russia was falling behind the West His reason: Serfdom Millions under the corrupt and failing system of serfdom Landowners were economically pressed Could not compete with foreign agriculture Serfs were unable to use complex machines and war weapons because they were uneducated Serf dissatisfaction lead to peasant revolts Abolition of Serfdom Alexander II signed an emancipation edict Successes Peasants can marry whom they choose, own property, and bring suits in court Edict was largely unsuccessful Peasants were still limited Land the received was poor and inadequate amounts were arable Population increased rapidly Expected to repay state for their land with long-term installments Subjected to authority of mir – village commune Could own property within limits of the mir Mir- village commune collectively responsible for payments to gov’t for the serf’s new land Mir were reluctant to let peasants leave their land Emancipation still = unhappy peasants Zemstvos Local assemblies that provided a moderate degree of self- government Elected from noble landowners, townspeople, and peasants but gave advantage to landowners Provided public services such as education, famine relief, and road and bridge maintenance Bureaucrats feared self-government Even the tsar wasn’t able to control the Zemstvos reform programs Populism Aim to create new society through the revolutionary acts of the peasants (elements of nationalism and liberalism!!) From Alexander Herzen’s ideas in his writings implemented by radical Russian students and intellectuals Lack of interests from peasants led populists to resort to violence Use of violence was advocated to counteract repression of tsarist regime People’s Will and Alexander III People’s Will Violent group of populist radicals Assassinated Alexander II in 1881 Son and successor, Alexander III, turned against reform and returned to the traditional methods of repression ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Europe in 1871 Conclusion: Great Britain Great Britain:The Victorian Age Two reasons why Britain was stable and did not have a revolution during 1848 Reform act of 1832- political representation for the industrial middle class Continuing economic growth Real wages of labor increased 25% between 1850-1870 Pride in Queen Victoria- who’s reign was the longest in English History Reform act of 1867- lowered monetary requirement for voting (taxes paid or income) Enfranchised many urban male workers Resulted in the first liberal administration reforms Open civil service positions by exams rather than patronage Secret ballot for voting Abolished practice of purchasing military commissions Attempted to make elementary schools available for all children Summary France- Napoleon III Paris Commune 3rd Republic Germany- Prussia unites Germanic lands under Bismarck by winning the Austro-Prussian War & the Franco-Prussian War Italy- Cauvor united Northern Italy, Garibaldi united Southern Italy. Cavour brought all of Italy together (Napoleon III would rather give Rome to Cavour instead of Garibaldi) Austria- Hungarian Nationalism is finally successful. Got some independence Russia- freed serfs, but it wasn’t for the serfs. Reform zemstvos & populism but reform stopped after Alexander II was assassinated.