Transcript File - Hutton`s Honors World History

Unit 9
Conservative Order, Economic Advance,
Social Unrest, and Nation States
Pre Notes

 This unit focusses on ethnic groups gaining complete
or near complete independence OR how similar
ethnic groups unite as nations
 Various ethnic groups still part of empires or nations
 Ethnic group: sharing a common and distinctive
culture, religion, language, or the like.
Part 1 The Challenges of Nationalism and
Liberalism Reading Assignment pg. 658-662
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 *Nationalism = a nation composed of people who are joined together
by the bonds of common language, customs, culture, and history and
who because of those bonds, should be administered by the same
gov’t— or ethnic group
 Also can be defined as a person with deep pride and devotion to his/her
nation
 Emergence of Nationalism
 *Opposition to the Vienna Settlement
 *Vienna Settlement = belief that legitimate monarchies or dynasties,
rather than ethnicity, provide the basis for political unity
 Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia part of Vienna Settlement
 Nationalists
 multinational states should not exist
 political and ethnic boundaries should coincide (example map pg. 748)
 *majority ethnic groups dominate minority groups with or without their
consent—which ethnic groups should be considered nations? Never been
answered
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 2. Creating nations
 nationalist – believe political & ethnic boundaries should coexist
 1.
translate works into the people’s language
 school teachers – teach official language and history
 print culture
 3. Meaning of Nationhood
 eliminating dynastic states and unify territories to promote
economic and administrative efficiency
 which ethnic groups should be considered nations?
 Modern nationalism had its immediate origins in the French
Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars.
 1. help repel foreign foes
 2. war against Napoleon
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 Political Liberalism
 Liberal = anyone or anything that challenged conservative political, social, or
religious values (today and back then is different)
 Heritage
 *Enlightenment
 example of English liberties – English Bill of Rights
 French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen & Am. Bill of Rights
 *Political Goals*
 political structure that would limit power of government against persons &
property
 establish parliamentary bodies to express the will of the people
 religious toleration
 freedom of press
 legal equality
 establish written constitutions
 did not advocate democracy
 liberals wanted to extend representation to the propertied classes
 a. privilege should be based on wealth and property rather than birth
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 Economic Goals
 *sought to remove economic restraints of mercantilism or the
regulated economies of absolutists
 want to manufacture and sell goods freely
 *wanted an economic structure in which they could use whatever
talents and property to enrich themselves (free market)
 E. What type of people made up the liberals? (pg. 661)
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educated, relatively wealthy people, usually associated with
the professions or commercial life, but who were excluded from
existing
social processes
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 What two groups did liberals despise? (pg. 661)
 Privileged aristocrats & lower propertied classes
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 . Relationship of Nationalism and Liberalism
 many aspects of nationalism directly oppose liberal
political values
 some nationalists wish their ethnic group to dominate
minority, national, or ethnic groups within a particular
region
 often define their own group in opposition to other
national groups they might regard as cultural inferiors or
as historical enemies
 nationalism and liberalism sometimes are compatible
 a. ?
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Negative side of Nationalism
Sense of “we” and “they”
sense of national mission
sense of national superiority
Johann Herder – every people has its own particular spirit and
genius which it expresses through its culture and language
 Giuseppe Mazzini – “Peoples never stop before they have
achieved the ultimate aim of their existence, before having
fulfilled their mission.”
 Manifest Destiny= one ethnic group controls own area/region,
but then they want to spread out & begin to see other groups as
inferior
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Part 2 Conservative Governments: The
Domestic Political Order Reading Assignment
pg. 662-670
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 Conservatism in the 1800’s
 Conservatives wanted:
 legitimate monarchs
 landed aristocrats
 established churches--church & state together
 Execution of Louis XVI showed monarchs they could
trust only aristocratic governments or governments of
aristocrats in alliance with the wealthiest middle class
and professional people.
 resisted written constitutions (limits monarchy)
 hated most Enlightenment ideas
 understood revolution in one country could spill over to _the
next___.
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 . Metternich (foreign minister to the Austrian king)and German
Student Nationalism
 Prince Metternich, Austria, and the Habsburg Empire
 The Habsburg empire included:
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Poles
Germans
Hungarians
Czechs
Slovaks
Italians
Croats
Jews
 Metternich (Conservative) did not want to recognize any political rights
to these groups because he feared it would lead to the dissolution of the
_Austrian Empire__.
German Confederation:
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a. created by the Congress of Vienna
 b. replaced the HRE & Confederation of the Rhine
 c. 39 states under Austrian leadership –Prussia doesn’t
want to be bossed around
 d. each state was more less autonomous and ruled by a
prince
 e. Austria did not want any of the states to unify or have
individual constitutions (some did anyway)
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 student nationalism and the Carlsbad Decrees
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1. many college students dreamed of a unified
Germany
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2. students formed Burschenschaften, or student
clubs
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a. goal was to unite Germany
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3. Carlsbad Decrees –Bad for Germany
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a. Metternich persuaded the major German
states to issue the Carlsbad Decrees
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i. dissolved the Burschenschaften
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ii. university inspectors
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iii. press censors
 Postwar Repression in Great Britain
(Tories Conservative, Whigs Liberal)
 A. Tory p.m. Lord Liverpool sought to protect the landed and wealthy
classes.
 Corn Law: put import duties on foreign grain
 Parliament replaced the income tax that only the wealthy paid with a
sales tax on consumer good that all paid.
 1799 Combination Acts outlawed unions.
 mass meetings of the disenfranchised called for reform in Britain
 *Peterloo Massacre (August 16, 1819)
 a. royal troops crushed workers meeting in Manchester
 b. at least 11 killed and many injured
 c. most the leaders were arrested and imprisoned
 December, 1819 Parliament passes *Six Acts
 a. forbade large unauthorized, public meetings
 b. raised fines for seditious libel= speaking out against you
 c. speed up _trials___ for political agitators
 d. increase newspaper taxes
 e. allowed local officials to search homes in certain disturbed
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counties without warrants.
 f. prohibited the training of armed groups
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 Bourbon restoration in France
 Louis XVIII
 *agreed to rule as a constitutional monarch
 *constitution Louis XVIII created was called The Charter:
 had a two house legislature and hereditary monarch
 freedom of religion
 current owners of land able to keep it
 Ultra royalist persuaded Louis XVIII to later crush the
liberals
 press censorship
 people accused of dangerous political activity could be arrested easier
 Liberals were driven out of politics
Part 3 The Conservative International
Order Reading Assignment pg. 670-673
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 *Concert of Europe
 A. *New arrangement for resolving mutual foreign policy
issues
 B. Prevented one nation from taking a major action in
international affairs without the
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consent of others
 Spanish Revolution of 1820
 *King Ferdinand VII of Spain was placed on the throne after
Napoleon was defeated
 *promised a written constitution and parliament (*Cortes)
 revoked the constitution and dissolved Cortes
 1820, army officers rebelled and forced Ferdinand to reinstate the
constitution
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 Congress of Verona
 *Holy Alliance (Prussia, Austria, and Russia) agree to
support _French___ intervention in Spain
 Britain disagrees
 French Army invades Spain and end Spanish revolution
 French Army leaves in 1827
 did not conquer any territory
 Austria crushes revolt in the Kingdom of the Two
Sicilies and restores monarch
 *Greece and Serbia win independence from the
Ottoman Empire
Part 4 The Conservative Order Shaken
in Europe Reading Assignment pg. 678686
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 Russia: The Decembrist Revolt
 *Tsar Alexander I suppressed liberalism and nationalism.
 *Tsar Alexander I died and his younger brother Nicholas I
became czar
 December 26, 1825, a group of army officers refused to swear
an allegiance to him: start of Decembrist Revolt
 the groups of army officers called for a constitution and
Constantine (the other brother of Alexander I) as tsar.
 Nicholas ordered the cavalry and artillery to attack.
 Nicholas crushed the Decembrist Revolt
 Nicholas knew Russia needed change but was too afraid of
it
 February 1832: Nicholas crushed a nationalistic revolt in
*Poland—Tsar Nicholas also declared to be king of Poland
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 French Revolution of 1830/July Revolution
 Louis XVIII died in 1824
 *His brother, the leader of the ultra royalist faction,
succeeded him as Charles X . Charles believed in divine
right
 *Charles X decisions:
 paid aristocrats money for land lost in the __French__
Revolution
 eldest son of an aristocrat inherited the family domain
(primogeniture)
 enacted a law that punished sacrilege against the RCC
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 1827, Liberals won enough seats in the Chamber of Deputies (France’s
lower house) to compel the king to be less conservative . . .then Charles
X reversed his course
 July Revolution
 1. King called for new elections in 1830
 Liberals scored a _stunning_ victory
 2. French Army conquered northern African city of Algiers (pirate
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city)—Barbary Pirates
 3. Charles X uses the euphoria of capture of Algiers to issue the
*Four Ordinances/__July__ Ordinances
 a. restricted freedom of the __press____
 b. dissolved the newly elected Chamber of Deputies
 c. limited voting for members of the legislature (the franchise)
 to only the wealthiest people in the country
 d. called for new elections
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 . Four Ordinances led to rebellion
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a. workers of Paris erected barricades in the streets
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b. king called out the troops
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i. 1,800 people die but the army did not
occupy Paris
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c Charles X abdicates –last Bourbon king
 5. *Chamber of Deputies ended the Bourbon Dynasty
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a. put constitutional monarchist in the ministry
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b. named Louis Philippe to be the next King
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 . Monarchy of Louis Philippe
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1. Catholicism was no longer the official religion
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2. Tricolor official flag
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3. franchise enlarged but remained restricted.
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4. money the path to power and influence
(corruption)
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5. many lower class revolts were suppressed
 III. Belgium became independent of the Netherlands
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 Catholic Emancipation Act and the Great Reform Bill (1832) United
Kingdom (GB & all of Ireland)
 William Pitt the Younger convinced Parliament to pass the Act of
Union 1800 which allowed Ireland to have seats in the House of
Commons
 Only Protestant Irishmen were allowed in
 *Irishman Daniel O’Connell organized the Catholic Association to
allow Catholics in Parliament
 O’Connell was elected but could not take his seat
 P.M. Wellington and Robert Peel, fearing an Irish rebellion, passed
the Catholic Emancipation Act through Parliament=
 Allowed Catholic-Irish to be in Parliament
 Wellington alienated many Anglican Tories in the House of
Commons
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 Reform Act of 1832 or Great Reform Act of 1832
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1. new P.M. Earl Grey pushed bill through the House of
Commons
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a. took King William IV’s pressure to push it through the
House of Lords
 2. this act redistributed seats in the House of Commons and
gave representation to large towns and cities and eliminated
rotten boroughs=
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 3.* this act extended the electorate, the body of people allowed
to vote, by granting suffrage (right to vote) to more men=50%
more voters. However one still had to own property to vote.
 4. laid the groundwork for orderly reforms within the British
Constitutional system
Part 5 Toward An Industrial Society and the Labor Force Reading
Assignment pg. 690-695
---Second Industrial Revolution or Industrial Revolution of the 1800s-----
 Toward an Industrial Society
 Population and Migration
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 Growth of Cities
 ½ of the population of England & Wales
 ¼ of the population of France & Germany
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*inadequate housing, water, sewers, food supplies, & lighting
slums grew
disease
cholera – gastric intestinal disease caused by unclean water
crime increased
 Migration
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Irish Famine of 1845-1847-Potato Famine
½ million Irish peasants starved
hundreds of thousands emigrated
from countryside into cities
from Europe into the rest of the world; especially _NYC__ and __Boston__
many workers for the new factories
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 Railways
 Britain, France, & Germany leaders in railways
 railroads, canals, and roads allow people to leave the
place of their birth more easily
 allowed cheaper and more rapid passage of raw materials
and finished products
 created increased demand for iron and steel and then for
more skilled labor force
 construction of ironclad ships & iron machinery
 formation of new enterprise
 RR eventually caused a shortage of consumer goods @ cheap prices
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 The Labor Force
 No single description could include all the factory
workers, urban artisans, domestic system craftspeople,
household servants, miners, countryside peddlers, farm
workers, or railroad workers.
 some were reasonably well off
 laboring poor – earned little more than subsistence
wages= barely enough to get by
 some like women & children who worked naked in the
mines of Wales
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 Proletarianization of Factory Workers and urban Artisans
 *Proletarianization = the entry of workers into a wage
economy and their gradual loss of significant ownership
of the means of production, such as tools and equipment,
and of control over the conduct of their own trades
 factory workers submitted to various kinds of discipline
 factory workers had no say about quality of the product
or its price
 Urban artisans experienced proletarianization more
slowly
 at first SKIP
 erection of factories benefited craftspeople in building trades
 lower prices of textiles aided artisans such as tailors & hatters
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later
*Labor and guild organizations were outlawed or banned
Combinations Acts of 1799 = outlawed unions and strikes in U.K.
Unions develop
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controlled the number of skilled workers
limited apprenticeships to members’ children
bargain with owners over wages
1824 – Combination Acts repealed
 National Union
 Robert Owen – 1771-1858
 Grand national Consolidated Trades union
 collapsed
 Amalgamated Society of Engineers
 1. back to craft unions
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 . Introduction of machine production put pressure on master
craftsmen (guilds)
 *confection = goods produced in standard sizes and styles rather
than by special orders for individual customers. Leads to
interchangeable parts.
 division of labor – each artisan produces a smaller part of product
 Less need for over-all craftsmen
 masters tried to increase production and reduce costs by lowering
wages paid for piece-work
 workers strike
 masters hire workers from countryside willing to work for lower
wages or under less favorable and protected conditions than
traditional artisans
 breakdown of guilds or need for journeyman etc.
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 Working-Class Political Action: The Example of British
Chartism poor ppl who wanted a say in gov’t
 *Chartism = political reform movement of artisans
 William Lovett (1836) - & others formed London Working
Men’s Association
 1838 – *Six Points of the Charter*
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universal manhood suffrage
annual election of the House of Commons
secret ballot= vote w/o identifying who’s ballot is whose
equal electoral districts (not rotten boroughs)
abolition of property qualifications for members of the H of C
 payment of salaries to members of the H of C
 3 times Parliament refuses to pass it
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 Northern Star – newspaper published by Chartists
 Feargus O’Conner – Chartist leader made speeches
across Britain
 b. Results of Chartism
 failures
group split into those wanting violence and
those who didn’t
 successes
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 *1st large scale working-class political movement
 most of the Six Points were enacted into law
Part 6 Family Structures and Women
during the Industrial Revolution
Reading Assignment pg. 695-700
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 Family Structures and the Industrial Revolution of the 1800s
 The Family in the Early Factory System
 Domestic System/Cottage Industry/Putting out system.
 father, mother, & children worked as a unit in the home-typical in early to mid 1700s
 Factory System
 father as a machine weaver employed in a factory
 *factory owners permitted the father to employ his wife and children as
assistants
 families would move near the factory so they could work there
 b. Factories & Machines became larger starting in the 1820s
 need for fewer skilled operators increase in unskilled attendants
 A. unmarried women & children hired
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children were from economically depressed handloom weavers
these workers accepted lower wages; told not to try to form unions
 skilled adult males
 supervisors (foreman)
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wives usually did not work
children attended school
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Concern for Child labor
1790 – using abandoned children as laborers started to decline
1802 – forbidden to use abandoned children
*English Factory Act of 1833
*forbade the employment of children under age nine
limited the workday of children aged 9-13 to nine hours
required children to receive 2 hours of education a day paid by
owner
9 yr. olds went to school (established by factory owners)
adults & older children 14-18 work 12 hours a day
Mines Act of 1842
a. prohibited all women and boys under 10 from working
underground
3. *1847 – Parliament passes a 10 hour workday
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 Changing Economic Role for the Family
 change from chief unit of both production and
consumption to chief unit of consumption
 depend on shared wages derived from several
sources
 children could move farther away from home to find
work
 once settled in an industrial city, next
generation(their children) less likely to move – could
find employment there
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Women in the Early Industrial Revolution
Opportunities and Exploitation in Employment
Women in Factories
Women as spinners in domestic system replaced by machines in
factories
Wages of male cotton-factory workers allowed many married
women not to work
*Women’s factory work required fewer skills – tend machines
1. spinning or weaving or acting as foreman left to men
Women in factories usually young, single, or widows
*married women were disliked because of threat of pregnancy,
influence of husbands, and duties of child rearing
widows work due to lack of husbands’ income
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 Work on the Land and in the Home
 England – domestic servants
 Western Europe – domestic industries
 lace making, garment making, glove making etc.
 harsh labor conditions
 low wages & involved low skills
 sometimes led to being prostitutes to supplement
their income
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 Changing Expectations in Working-Class Marriage
 Movement to cities and entrance into the wage economy gave
women wider opportunities for marriage.
 cohabitation before marriage not uncommon
 *parent less involve in arranging marriages
 more available young men in cities
 increase in illegitimate births
 more men unwilling to marry if women became pregnant
before marriage
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2. Once married
 usually left the workforce
 assumed domestic duties
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The Chartists delivering their petitions to Parlimanet-1838
William Lovett
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 The New Factory Workers
 Social consequences of modern industrial development – prior to
1914
 Critics
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William Blake – 1757-1827
called early factories “satanic mills”
William Wordsworth – 1770-1850
it destroys the rural way of life and the pollution of the land and water
 *Luddites – 1811-1814 (Britain)
 attacked factories and smashed new machines which they believed were
putting them out of work
 Frederick Engels – 1820-1895
 The Condition of the Working Class in England
 it exploits middle-class and increases worker poverty
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. Supporters
Andrew Ure – 1835
conditions were not harsh and even quite good
Edwin Chadwick
whole mass was able to buy more of the necessities and minor luxuries of life
3. Summary of statistical studies
1750-1790 = average laborers wages rose
1792-1815 = wages rose but did not keep up with inflation
1815-1850 = money wages remained steady or fell somewhat, but prices fell
more
 increasing purchasing power meant more goods for the workers, but did it
mean greater happiness
 goods were food & clothing
 housing did not improve
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Part 7 Classical Economics and Early Socialism
Reading Assignment pg. 704-710
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 Patterns of Thought
 Congress of Vienna – 1815 – conservative meeting; but still some people
continued to favor liberalism
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1. liberals wanted representative government, more equality
 2. only France & Great Britain had anything close to representative government.
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Liberalism
liberty = freedom for all
equality = equality for all
representative government
equality before the law
individual freedoms
liberal economic principles
laissez faire = “hands off” economics
capitalism – free enterprise = limited gov’t control
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 Notables of Liberalism:
 Adam Smith (1723-1790) leader of liberalism
 Wealth of Nations – book supporting laissez –faire
philosophy
 *favored economic growth through competitive free
enterprise
 distrusted government
 gov’t should maintain currency, enforce contracts, protect
property, impose low tariffs and taxes
 gov’t should maintain enough armed forces & naval
power to protect economic structure and foreign trade
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. Thomas Malthus ( 1766-1834) = liberal pessimist
a. Essay on the Principle of Population
*population must eventually outstrip the food supply
*reverse by late marriage, chastity, and contraception (family planning)
if wages were raised, the workers would simply produce more children
“prudent restraint” = abstinence
4. disease and war were natural checks on the population.
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3. David Ricardo ( 1772-1823)
Principles of Political Economy
“iron law of wages” = because of the pressure of population
growth, wages would always sink to the subsistence level
if workers were poor it was their own fault, the result of their
breeding like rabbits.
3. *people make more money they have more children/ make less
money have fewer children
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 Democratic Liberal Political Ideas
 representative government
 property qualification attached to the right to vote
 after 1815 – universal voting rights, at least for males
 republican form of government
 against laissez-faire
 higher wages, reduction of hours
 some endorse violent upheaval to achieve goals
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Early Socialism
*Socialism
(don’t like capitalism)
Beliefs
government should rationally organize the economy and not depend on
destructive competition to do the job
help the poor and to protect them from the rich
most private businesses (means of production) should be abolished and
replaced by state or community ownership
saw primarily mismanagement, low wages, misdistribution of goods, and
suffering arising from the unregulated industrial system
socialists = people who questioned the structures and values of the
existing capitalistic framework
utopian socialist= wanted to create perfect communities in which people
shared things
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Notables
Count Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825)
modern society would require rational management.
Private wealth, property, and enterprise should be subject
to an administration other than that of its owners.
 The doers would carefully plan the economy and guide it
forward by undertaking vast public works projects and
investment banks
 Every social institution’s main goal should be to improve
conditions for the poor.
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 Robert Owen ( 1771-1858)—Utopian
 if human beings were placed in the correct surrounding they could be
improved
 New Lanark, Scotland, Britain – Owen’s cotton industry
 *workers provided with good housing
 *recreational possibilities available
 *children received an education
 *churches built
 *rewards given for good work
 successful
 sold and moved to United States of America
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New Harmony, Indiana = new community based on his ideas
failed = people quarreled
moved back to Britain
Grand National Union = tried to bring all British unions into one union
failed—too many people in control
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 3. Charles Fourier (1772-1837)
 Phalanxes = communities in which liberated living would replace
the boredom and dullness of industrial existence
 sexual activity would be relatively free
 marriage reserved only for later life
 no person be required to perform the same kind of work the entire
day
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 4. Louis Blanc (1811-1882)
 The Organization of Labor
 political reform that would give the vote to the working class
 universal voting rights
 take control of the state peacefully
 set up government backed workshops and factories to guarantee
full employment
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 . Anarchism
 *anarchists = activists that rejected both industry and the dominance of
government
 1. favored programs of violence and terrorism to change society
 Notables of Anarchism:
 *Auguste Blanqui (1805-1881)
 sought abolition of both capitalism and the state
 urged development of a professional revolutionary vanguard to attack
capitalist society
 *Pierre Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865)
 *What is Property?
 i. attacked banking system b/c it rarely extended credit to small property
owners
 ii. society should be organized on the basis of small businesses
 would be peaceful cooperation and exchange of goods among these groups
 state would be unnecessary

 . Marxism = human history is an evolutionary process in
which development is the result of conflict between opposites,
the present world conditions being due to a class struggle
between the capitalists, whose aim is private profit, and the
workers, who resist exploitation=AKA Communism.
 Karl Marx (1818-1883)
 Friedrich Engels ( 1820-1895)
 Conditions of the Working Class in England
 devastating picture of industrial life
 *Communist Manifesto- 1848 – most influential political
document of modern European history; written by Marx and
Engels

 . Communism—implied the outright abolition of private land or housing (real
estate)
 the organization of the means of production has always involved conflict between
the classes who owned and controlled the means of production and those classes
who worked for them
 bourgeoisie = people who own the means of production
 proletariat = workers
 a radical social transformation is required
 1. development of capitalism will make a revolution inevitable
 as business structures grew larger and larger, the competitive pressures would
 squeeze out smaller middle-class units
 remaining business giants would lead to intense suffering for the proletariat
 proletariat eventually would begin to revolt— world wide
 1. a whole new society would arise that would be free of class conflict
 a. for the first time in human history, one group of people would not be
oppressing another—“everyone would be equal”

Karl Marx
Robert Owen
Saint Simon
Pierre J. Proudhon Auguste Blanqui
Part 8 1848: Year of Revolution Reading
Assignment Pg. 710-720

 Forces for political change—mainly brought about by
middle class.
 Liberals began to appeal for support from the urban
working classes
 Revolution seemed contagious
 *Revolution in France—the Second Republic and Louis
Napoleon
 Liberal opponents were tired of the corrupt regime of Louis
Philippe
 wanted to be included in the political process
 high food prices and unemployment brought working class
support to the liberal campaign.
 February days

 government forbade liberals to have “banquets” which were
criticizing the king
 February 22, 1848, riots and barricades in the streets of Paris
 February 24: Louis Philippe abdicates
 *Liberals formed a provisional (_temporary____) government
 liberals called for an election to write a republican constitution
 leader of the working class Louis Blanc demanded that they should
also be included in the government -socialism
 provisional government, under pressure from the working class, organized
workshops to provide work for the poor.
 On April 23, 1848, an election was held based on universal male
suffrage to choose the new National Assembly. Election Backfired!!
 result was a legislature dominated by moderates and conservatives. Why??
How did this happen?? (pg. 713)
 Provinces—people resented the radicals and socialism
 b. Second French Republic is born

 June days
 the new government’s troops and workers clashed in Paris
 government ordered the workshops closed
 barricades again appeared in Paris
 government ordered troops to attack workers
 much violence and many deaths. Gov’t. wins.

 Louis Napoleon
 Late in 1848 an election was called to elect a president
 nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte (Louis Napoleon) became
president
 Louis Napoleon did not get along with the National
Assembly
 1851: National Assembly refused to amend the constitution to
allow Louis Napoleon to run for re-election
 Troops dispersed the Assembly
 200 people died
 26,000 people arrested throughout the country
 b. * December, 1852: Louis Napoleon declared an empire
and became Napoleon III –plebiscite to support this

 Revolution in the Hapsburg Empire including Austria
 Hapsburg empire perpetuated serfdom
 Uprising led by Magyar (Hungarian) Lois Kossuth
Skip the
Hungarian
Uprising
 March 13, 1848 students led a series of disturbances in Vienna
 Metternich resigned and fled
 Emperor fled to Innsbruck
 These events inspired revolts in Hungary itself
 revolts were crushed by Austrian and Russian troops sent by
Tsar Nicholas I
 Rebellion in Northern Italy start of Italy
 revolt started against Habsburgs (Austrian) rule in Milan,
Lombardy
 King Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia supported the revolt
 Austrian troops defeated Piedmont and held Northern Italy

 Revolution on the Italian Peninsula (Italy consisted of
many different _city-states__) (similar language & religion)
 *many hoped that King Charles Albert of PiedmontSardinia would drive the Austrians from the peninsula and
bring about unification. {Technically Piedmont-Sardinia is
just called the Kingdom of Sardinia}
 with the defeat of Piedmont-Sardinia many turned to Pope
Pius IX (leader of the _papal___States) to bring unification
 November 1848: revolts by radicals drove the Pope into exile
 radicals (Giuseppe Mazzini most important one) claimed a
Roman Republic
 *Giuseppe Mazzini—founder of Young Italy—and Giuseppe
Garibaldi were the most prominent radicals in the new Roman
Republic

 radicals in Piedmont forced King Charles Albert to renew
his war with Austria
 Piedmont-Sardinia lost battle of Novara
 Charles Albert abdicates in favor of son Victor Emmanuel II
 July 3, 1849: France sends troops and drives rebels (Mazzini
& republicans) out of Rome & restored the Pope to power.
 French troops stay in Rome until 1870 to protect the Pope
 Revolts in Berlin:
 Revolts against Frederick William IV; troops kill
revolutionaries in the square
 Frankfurt Parliament

 in May of 1848 representatives from all the German states met in
Frankfurt Germany to revise the organization of the German
Confederation.
 wanted to write a moderately liberal __constitution____ for a
__united_____ Germany
 Frankfurt Parliament offended both liberals and conservatives
 represented a challenge to the existing political order
 refusal to restore the protection guilds once afforded; this cost the
Frankfurt Parliament support of the workers
 Frankfurt Parliament floundered on unification
 grossdeutsch solution: large solution: include Austria in Germany


 b
kleindeutsch solution: small solution: exclude Austria

 Austria rejected the notion of unification all together
 Frankfurt Parliament turned to Prussia
 March 1849: offered throne to Frederick William IV of Prussia.
He refused! Why??
 “God allowed people to rule not man-made institutions.”

 b. troops drove the remaining members of the Frankfurt
 Parliament off
Part 9 The Crimean War and Peace
Settlement (1853-1856) Reading
Assignment pg. 732
 Crimean War

 *Russian government wanted to breakup Ottoman Empire
First war
correspondents
—Red Cross
 -use excuse to invade, say they want to protect Orthodox Christians
 France and Britain support the Ottomans
 *France and Britain defeat Russians at Sevastopol
 Treaty of Paris 1856
 Russia lost land
 Must remove claims to support Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman
Empire
 Concert of Europe was shattered
 Historian Gordon Craig said, “After 1856 there were more powers
willing to fight to overthrow the existing order than there were to take
up arms to defend it.”
 Next twenty-five years European affairs were unstable.

Part 10 Italian Unification Reading
Assignment pg. 734-738

 The Italian Peninsula

A. For centuries, Italy had been a battle ground for foreign and local
_princes____.

B. Between 1820 and 1848, nationalist revolts exploded across
northern Italy.
 These revolts were designed to push ___Austria____ out of northern Italy.

-----Review from notes above-------------------------------------------------------------
C. Mazzini’s Young Italy

1. In the 1830’s, the nationalist leader Giuseppe Mazzini
founded Young Italy.

2. The goal of this secret society was to constitute ___Italy___

one free, independent, __republic__ nation.

3. In 1849, Mazzini helped set up a revolutionary republic in
__Rome_____, with the help of Garibaldi.
 4. However, Mazzini’s republic was soon toppled by __French__ forces.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 The Struggle for Italian Unification

A. *After 1848, leadership of the Risorgiments, or
Italian nationalist movement, passed to the

Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont.
{Technically it is just called the Kingdom of Sardinia}

B. King Victor Emmanuel II hoped to join other
Italian states (nations) to his own.
 C. Victor Emmanuel II appointed Count Camillo
Cavour as prime minister. He came from a

noble family and rejected republicanism
 Cavour also believes in Realpolitik.

 Alliance with France and war with Austria

A. In 1855, Cavour had Sardinia-Piedmont
join Britain and France in the Crimean War.

1. this gave Sardinia-Piedmont a voice in the
peace conference.

2. French Emperor Napoleon III was impressed

3. *Cavour and Napoleon III plotted to provoke
a war in northern Italy and defeat Austria

 June, 1859: Sardinia-Piedmont next faced Austria, and defeated them at
Magenta and
 Solferino with the help of their ally __France___. Sard.-Pied. gave Nice &
Savoy to France for their help in war against Austria. Nice & Savoy were in
the west of Pied. along the Fr. border

1. Sardinia-Piedmont annexed Lombardy from Austria.

a. Venetia remained under Austrian control

2. 1859: in some Italian city-states people rebelled against
their leaders and joined

Sardina-Piedmont. These areas were then annexed by the
Kingdom of Sardina-Piedmont:

a. Tuscany

b. Modena

c. Parma

d. Romagna provinces of the Papal States

3. fearing all of Italy might be unified, Napoleon III makes
peace with Austria.

 Garibaldi’s Red Shirts

1. Garibaldi wanted to liberate the Kingdom of Two
Sicilies from the very corrupt monarchy ruling it. Many people in
the King. of Two Sic. despised their monarch. (Spanish Bourbons)

2. Garibaldi recruited over 1,000 Red Shirt
volunteers to conquer southern Italy. (Napoleonic Regime)

3. Cavour provided weapons and allowed ships to
leave Genoa, Pied. to take Garibaldi and his redshirts to the island
of Sicily. They quickly conquered Sicily and moved to the
mainland taking Naples. {remember Garibaldi preferred
democracy (republicanism)}

4. Cavour (a monarchist) was alarmed by Garibaldi’s
huge success in the south and thought he might have to fight
Garibaldi who had aspirations of sitting up an Italian republic.

Mazzini
Victor Emmanuel II
Architect of Italian Unity: Cavour
Napoleon III
Charge of the Light Brigade during
the Crimean War.
Garibaldi unselfishly gave his conquered land to form Italy.
Garibaldi’s redshirts in action

 Unity of Italy

1. Cavour sent troops to stop Garibaldi.

a. on the way South, the Sardinian-Piedmontese troops conquered all of Italy
but Rome & Venetia

i. French troops protected the Pope in Rome

2. Garibaldi turned over conquered territory to Sardinia-Piedmont without a
shot being fired.

3. Victor Emmanuel II was now king of an almost united Italy.

4. Two areas remained outside of the Italian control: Rome and Venetia.

a. *Venetia was gained in 1866 in return for Italy’s alliance with
Prussia in the Austro-Prussian War. SEE MAP HANDOUT.

 b. The Italian nation annexed Rome in 1870 after French troops left to protect their soil during
the Franco-Prussian war—Pope was very angry at the new Italian gov’ b/c they took away his
land

 5. By 1870 only the small province of Trent and the city of Trieste, both ruled by Austria,
 remained outside Italy.



a. Italia irredenta: unredeamed Italy, small areas outside Italy’s control at the time of
unification
i. major reason Italy joined the Allies against Austria in World
War I
Part 11 German Unification Reading
Assignment pg. 738-743

 . Prussia takes the lead (unifying Germany)
 The country of Prussia created a way to unite
Germany by creating an economic union called the
Zollverein—It dismantled… trade barriers between
German states
 The German people offered the throne to King
(Kaiser) Frederick William IV of Prussia. He turned it
down.
 Germany is still divided.

 Otto von Bismarck Begins to Unite Germany
 Bismarck came from Prussia’s Junker class. This class
was made up of conservative landholding nobles.
 Bismarck was a master of manipulation.
 Not a liberal or republican anarchist
 Bismarck became chancellor of Prussia and then later
of __Germany___.
 4. as chancellor Bismarck works for Kaiser William I
of Prussia.

 Bismarck and Prussia Win Three Wars
 *He formed an alliance with Austria.
 Together these two countries invaded the Denmark
provinces of Schleswig and Holstein.
 Convention of Gastein: end of 2nd Schleswig War:
Austria took over _________ and Prussia took
over Schleswig.

 *War with Austria (Austro-Prussian War/Seven Weeks’
War-1866)
 1. Bismarck had Napoleon III promise neutrality in the
event of a conflict with Austria
 2. Bismarck (Prussia) and his ally Italy now invaded
Austria. The war only lasted _7_ weeks cumulating with
a decisive defeat of Austria at Konniggratz in Bohemia.
 3. Treaty of Prague

a. Austria ceded (gave) Venetia to France
who gave it to Italy

b. excluded Austrian Hapsburgs from Ger.
affairs. Ger. Confederation dissolved

 . 1866-7: Prussia annexed several new lands after
the Austro-Prussian War: Holstein

Hanover, Hesse, Kassel, Nassau, and the city of
Frankfurt=all became part N. Ger. Confed.
 5. Also added to Prussia leadership was the North
German Confederation (see map handout)

i. president was the Kaiser of Prussia,
represented by the chancellor Bismarck. Each state
had own local gov’t., but army under federal control.

 . *The Franco-Prussia War-1870-71

1. the Prussian victory now worried
Napoleon III of France

2. the Spanish throne became vacant
 a. a relative of the Prussian king was offered the
crown of Spain

b. France protested

i. Prussian relative backed out

 . Bismarck rewrote a telegram—the Ems Dispatch—that helped push on
the war.

4. Bismarck’s editing of the Ems Dispatch made it seem
that KaiserWilliam I had __insulted__ the Frenchmen.

5. furious, Napoleon III declared war on Prussia.

6. southern German states joined Prussia against
France=Germany completely unified.

7. Prussia smashed the French armies at the Battle of
Sedan and captured Napoleon III

a. January 18, 1871, German princes requested that William
accept the title of Emperor of Germany. See map handout on German
Unification.
 b. *Paris was besieged and fell on January 28, 1871; Franco-Prussia War
over.
 c. Germany annexed French areas Alsace and part of Lorraine.

Architect of German unity: Otto Von Bismarck
Battle of Sedan

 The German Empire
 A.
Under Kaiser William I in 1871, Germany became a
nation and the Second

Reich (Empire) was born; *declared Emperor at the
Palace of __Versailles___.

B. Bismarck’s constitution set up a two house
legislature.

1. *The Bundersat…upper house of new
German legislature


2. *The Reichstag… lower house
Part 12 France from Liberal Empire to the
Third Republic Reading Assignment
pg.743-746

 . Paris Commune

A. After Napoleon III moved to England and the fighting
with Prussia (Germany) stopped

the new National Assembly was dominated by
monarchists.
 March 28, 1871: Parisians disagreed with the monarchists in the
National Assembly and elected a new municipal government, the
Paris Commune:
 made up of various radicals and socialists
 wanted to run Paris separately from the rest of France


i. did not want to accept the authority of the National
Assembly
 May 1871: National Assembly orders troops to attack Paris
 20,000 Parisians killed
 Paris Commune crushed

 The Third Republic
 monarchists majority of the National Assembly was
divided between the House of Orleans and the House
of Bourbon
 no one wanted to be king
 Result:
 was a Republican government
 two house legislature
 president elected by two house legislature
 effective government
 *The Dreyfus Affair: pg. 745.

Part 13 The Hapsburg Empire Reading
Assignment pg. 746-750

 A fading power: the Hapsburg and Austria

A. This family had acquired…


 B. Just as the rest of Europe, Austria was facing problems such as the growth of
European cities, discontented workers and the stirring of socialism

C. The Hapsburg ruled many different ethnic groups.

 II.
The Dual Monarchy

A. Hungary was part of Austria. The Hungarians were demanding

more freedom.
 1. *a Hungarian named Francis (Fernec) Deak wanted more freedom. He worked out
a compromise with Austria-Hungary. The agreement: i.) each were separate states.
 ii.) each had its own constitution and parliament

a. Francis Joseph however was king or emperor of Austria

and Hungary.
 2. the two states also shared ministers of __________, ____________, and foreign
affairs, but were independent in all other areas
Part 14 Alexander II and freeing the
Serfs Reading Assignment pg. 750752

 . Alexander II

A. . *In 1861 Czar Alexander II freed the serfs

1. What new rights did serfs have?


2. many former serfs moved to the city

B. Alexander the II introduced legal reforms
such as trial by jury

Czar Alexander II freed the serfs Czar Alexander III Queen Victoria of the U.K Hungarian nationalist leader Francis Deak













Return to Russia’s Problems
A. The peasants had freedom but no land.
1. had to pay government, which had reimbursed the landlords, for
49 years and charged interest
B. More changes were needed.
C. A group called the Peoples Will, try to assassinate Czar Alexander
1. then on a cold March day (1881) the Czar was ________________
D. The next Czar was Alexander III
1. he increased the power of the secret police. He was cruel
2. he attempted to make everyone have the same religion and
basic culture; they persecuted those who did not adopt their
culture.
3. controlled Poland
Part 15 Great Britain Toward Democracy
Reading Assignment pt. 752-758
POSSIBLY SKIP PART




















. Great Britain seemed to deal with its difficulties and domestic conflicts through it’s existing political
institutions
II. The Conservatives in the House of Commons were led by Benjamin Disraeli introduced a reform bill in
1867:
A. expanded the electorate
1. large number of male working class voters admitted to the electorate
B. Disraeli new change was inevitable and wanted the Conservatives to get credit for it
C. 1868 led to Gladstone being elected as prime minister
III. *Gladstone’s Great Ministry (1868-1874)
A. *culmination of classic British liberalism
B. those institutions that remained the preserve of the aristocracy and the Anglican Church were
opened to people from other ___________ and religious __________________.
1. competitive examinations for civil service replaced patronage
2. purchase of officers’ commissions in the ________________ army was abolished
3. Anglican religious requirements for faculty at Oxford and Cambridge were removed
4. Education Act of 1870
a. government assumed responsibility for elementary education
b. previously, religious institutions had been responsible for education
c. where religious denominations had not set up schools, the state would

 IV. Disraeli In Office (1874-1880)
 A. 1874 election produced sharp divisions and allowed the
conservatives to take power and

elect Disraeli as P.M.
 Disraeli had many social reform laws passed

1. Public Health Act:


 2. Artisan Dwelling Act:


 3. British trade unions could raise picket lines


















. The Irish Question
A. Gladstone became P.M. again in 1880 (Second Ministry)
1. Third reform act gave the vote to most male farm workers everywhere in
Britain
B. Ireland wanted home rule:
C. native Irish people wanted land of their own.
1. *leader of land movement and home rule in Ireland was Charles Stewart Parnell:
a. organized Irish members of the House of Commons into a tight voting
block
b. Gladstone ministry passes laws strengthen Irish tenant rights
2. Gladstone called for a home rule bill and it was defeated. This led to his downfall
and the Conservative ministry of Lord Salisbury.
 Gladstone’s came back for a third ministry in 1892
 Third Irish Land Act:
Third Home Rule Bill:
1. was never implemented. Why?


