Transcript 24.2 Europe Faces Revolutions

Unit 4:
Latin American Revolutions,
Nationalism, and the Unification
of Italy and Germany
Mercantilism is when
the colonies provide
raw materials and
markets for the
mother country.
Reasons to colonize
1. Gold
2. God
3. Glory
4. Greed
From 1500 to 1800,
Latin America was
colonized by Europe,
especially Spain
European nations
used mercantilism to
gain wealth from their
American colonies
Catholic missionaries
from Spain & France
converted Indians
Colonial Society Divided

A Race and Class System

Latin America has social classes that determine jobs
and authority





Peninsulares—born in Spain, they head colonial
government and society
Creoles—American-born Spaniards who can become army
officers
Mestizos—have both European and Native American
ancestry
Mulattos—have both European and African ancestry
Slaves and Native Americans are at the bottom of society
Quick Class Discussion:
Yes you must think a bit but it shouldn’t hurt too
much
(1)Which social group will lead these Latin American
Revolutions? Why?
(2)Where did they get the idea to revolt & created
democracies?
By the late 1700s,
Latin Americans
were inspired to
gain independence
because of the
success of the
American & French
Revolutions
The ideas of the
Enlightenment
inspired
independence
especially among
the well-educated
Creole class
Latin American Revolutions
Revolutions in the Americas

Revolution in Hispaniola (Haiti)
Haiti is the first Latin American
territory to gain freedom
 Toussaint L’Ouverture leads
100,000 slaves against the French
(1791)
 Napoleon will send army to combat
the Haitian Revolt.
 Toussaint eventually dies in a French
prison in 1803.
 French soldiers weakened by
outbreak of yellow fever.

Revolutions in Haiti

Haiti’s Independence





Jean-Jacques Dessalines
declares Saint Domingue
(western third of Hispaniola) a
country in 1804
Saint Domingue becomes first
black colony to win
independence
Renamed Haiti, means
“mountainous land” in the
Arawak language
Emperor Jacques is
assassinated in 1806 by
disaffected members of his
administration.
In 1820, Haiti became a
republic.
Mexico Ends Spanish Rule

A Cry for Freedom
Father Miguel Hidalgo—priest
who launches Mexican revolt
(1810).
 Creoles supported revolt at
first, but then rejected
Hidalgo’s call for an end to
slavery.
 80,000 Indian and Mestizo
followers march on Mexico City
Jose Maria Morelos—leads
revolt after Hidalgo’s defeat,
but loses
 Both Hidalgo and Morelos
were executed.
Mexico Ends Spanish Rule

Mexico’s Independence




Mexican creoles react;
Augustin de Iturbide (a
Mexican General) declares
Mexico independent (1821)
Iturbide reigns briefly as
emperor until March 1823.
Republic of Mexico setup.
In 1823, United Provinces
of Central America breaks
away from Mexico
Agustín de Iturbide
Iturbide is credited with designing the first
Mexican flag. (1821-1823)
Today’s Flag of Mexico
The tri-color flag is still used,
and the presence of the eagle
is also used in the modern
flag of Mexico used since
1968.
Creoles Lead Independence

The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas
 Enlightenment
revolutionaries

ideas inspire Latin American
Creole Leaders
 Simón
Bolívar “The Liberator”—wealthy
Creole leads Venezuela in revolution
 José de San Martín—leader of Argentinean
revolutionary forces
1. Bolivar’s 1807
return from
Europe by way of
the United States
allowed him to
study the
American system
of government.
2. In 1810, Bolivar
went to London to
seek support for
the revolution in
Latin America. At
the same time, he
studied British
institutions of
government.
Portraits of Bolivar and San Martin
Creoles Lead Independence

Bolívar’s Route to Victory
 Venezuela
declares independence in 1811;
Bolivar wins war by 1821
 Liberates New Grenada (Columbia) and
Ecuador.

San Martín Leads Southern Liberation
Forces
 Argentina
is independent in 1816; San Martin
helps free Chile
 Bolívar’s and San Martín’s armies drive
Spanish out of Peru in 1824.
Brazil’s Royal Liberator

A Bloodless
Revolution


Napoleon invades
Portugal; royal family
moves to Brazil (1807)
Portuguese court
returns to Portugal
after Napoleon’s
defeat (1815)
The Imperial Palace in Rio de
Janeiro where King John VI of
Portugal had transferred the
Portuguese Royal Court to Brazil.
Brazil’s Royal Liberator

Portuguese prince Dom
Pedro stays behind in Brazil



Pedro I of Brazil

Dom Pedro accepts Brazilian’s
request to rule their own
country
He officially declares Brazil’s
independence (September
1822)
He accepted a constitution
that provided for freedom of
the press, religion and an
elected legislature.
By 1830, nearly all of Latin
American regions win
independence
Flag of the independent Empire of Brazil under Pedro I
European and American Reaction
•British were interested in
establishing commercial
opportunities and prevented
intervention from other
Europeans in Latin America.
•American President James
Monroe demanded that
Europeans stay out of the affairs
of the Western Hemisphere.
(Monroe Doctrine)
Throughout Latin
America, new
democratic republics
were created
But, Latin Americans
did not have a history
of self-government &
many of the new
gov’ts were unstable
In many nations, military
dictators called caudillos
seized power & made
few reforms for citizens
Latin America became
dependent on the USA
Clash of Philosophies

Three Philosophies: In the early 1800s,
three schools of political thought conflict
in Europe
 Conservative—landowners
and nobles want
traditional monarchies
 Liberal—wealthy merchants and business
owners want limited democracy
 Radical—believe in liberty and equality. They
want everyone to have a vote.
Conservatives
Wanted to return to the way things were
before 1789 & The French Revolution.
 Resist change
 Want stability
 Those who ruled Europe after the French
Revolution were conservatives

 The
Concert of Europe (periodic meetings
between Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria
and France) was an attempt to limit revolution
and maintain conservative control
Conservatives of the early 1800s
Preferred a social order where the lower classes
respected and obeyed the upper classes
 Most backed an established church (Catholic,
Orthodox, or Protestant)
 Believed in slow change
 They did not believe in natural rights or
constitutional government

There was a real fear of “mob rule”
 Most felt that the uneducated poor were not capable
of intelligent rule

Metternich

Metternich of Austria felt
that firm action was needed
to maintain the status quo
 Repress any
revolutionary ideas
 Control the press
 Crush any protests
 Send troops (even into
neighboring countries) to
suppress rebellion
 Establish legitimacy of
rule.
Liberals
Along with nationalists, opposed
conservatives
 Most were speaking for the bourgeoisie
(middle class)
 Wanted constitutions and separation of
power, natural rights, a republican form of
government, protection of property rights
 Almost all opposed monarchies.
 Heavily influenced by Enlightenment and
the French and American Revolutions

Liberals (cont.)
Wanted universal manhood suffrage
 Strongly supported laissez faire economics
(remember, most of these were
businessmen-so most were capitalists)

 Therefore,
many of these who supported
“bourgeois liberalism” had different goals (as
business owners) than did the workers in
these factories
Nationalists
Wanted to do away with the artificial
boundaries that had been set up for
countries due to wars, treaties, dynastic
marriages, etc.
 Wanted to unify as a country due to a
common heritage

A
negative effect of nationalism was
intolerance of minorities in a given area and,
at times, persecution of other ethnic or
national groups
Nationalism Develops

Nationalism and Nation-States
 Nationalism—loyalty
to a nation of people
with common culture and history
 Nation-State—nation with its own
independent government
 In 1815 Europe, only France, England and
Spain are nation-states
 Liberals and radicals support nationalism, but
conservatives do not.
Central Europe Revolts
Rebellions erupted over the Balkan
peninsula and along the southern fringe of
Europe
 The Serbs were the first to revolt

 Led
by Karageorge, they led a guerrilla war
against the Ottomans (they were part of the
Ottoman Empire) from 1804-1813
 He
was unsuccessful, but stirred up intense
Serbian nationalism
Serbia Gains Independence

Serbia gains autonomy, or self-rule under
the leadership of Milos Obrenovic with the
help of Russia
 Russia
was the largest Slavic country and
looked upon Serbia as a little brother
 Both
were Slavic in language and both were
Christian Orthodox in religion
Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power
“The Eastern Question”:
Greeks Gain Independence
 Balkans—region of Europe
controlled by the Ottomans
in early 1800s.
 Greece gets European help
to gain independence from
the Turks.
 Britain and France send
fleets.
 Russia invades provinces
of Moldavia and Walachia

Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires

The Ottoman Empire Weakens
 Internal tensions among ethnic groups weaken the
empire.


This resulted in the region being highly unstable, known as
the “Balkan Powder Keg”
Seeing the Ottomans as weak, “the old man of
Europe”, the other European powers moved in to take
what they wanted, splitting the Empire up.

Russia moved around the Black Sea, Austria-Hungary
grabbed Bosnia and Herzegovina, while England and France
moved to take the Middle East and North Africa.
Europe’s Reaction
Revolts occurred in Spain, Portugal, parts
of Italy
 Metternich urged rulers to crush any
revolts in Europe

 French
and Austrian troops left their countries
to smash uprisings in neighboring countries
 They were successful at first, but the result
was the people getting even more upset
 Agitators
and social reformers began urging
workers to support socialism or other new ideas
Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power

1830s Uprisings Crushed
 Belgian,
Italian, Polish liberals and nationalists
launch revolts.
 By the mid-1830s, conservatives are back in
control
France Revolts Again
Louis XVIII was put back on the French
throne, but allowed a constitution and 2
house legislature
 When he died, his son Charles X, an
absolutist, suspended the legislature,
limited the press, and limited the right to
vote
 Paris reacted violently

Radicals Change France

Conservative Defeat
 In
1830, France’s Charles X fails to restore
absolute monarchy

The Third Republic
 In
1848, a Paris mob overthrows the
monarchy and sets up a republic
 Radicals split by infighting; moderates control
the new government
 1848 constitution calls for elected president
and parliament
The King Runs
Radicals and liberals threw up barricades
and threw stones and roof tiles at the
soldiers
 They soon controlled Paris, and the king
fled to England
 Liberals refused the radicals call for a
republic and set up a “citizen king”, Louis
Philippe (a cousin of Charles X) forming a
constitutional monarchy

Louis Philippe



Louis Philippe was called the
“citizen king” because he owed
his power to the people,
especially the bourgeoisie
He dressed like them, in a
frock coat and top hat, and
strolled the streets, talking with
them
His government was filled with
liberals and the upper
bourgeoisie prospered (with his
policies favoring them over
their workers)
Turmoil in France

Louis Philippe’s government was corrupt
 Socialists
called for an end to private property
 The country entered a recession
 poor harvests led to higher bread prices
 Factories closed and unemployment increased
 Newspapers blamed the government
 The government moved to suppress critics
and stop private meetings
February Days
People again took to the streets with barricades
 Fighting erupted between the people and the
army



As it got worse, Louis Philippe abdicated and fled to
England
Socialists started a new republic (The Second
Republic)

There were problems from the beginning; liberals wanted
moderate reforms, socialists wanted sweeping reforms and
forced the government to set up government-supported
workshops for the poor
June Days

By June (about 4 months later), upper and
middle class factions had gained control of
the government
 They
viewed the workshops as a waste of
money and shut them down
 Workers rioted and bourgeois liberals
attacked them
 They
were joined by peasants who feared that the
socialists might take their land
 1500 died before the government took control
France Is Divided

The fighting from June Days left France
deeply divided
 The
middle class hated and feared the
socialists and the workers hated the
bourgeoisie

Again, people want order, so the National
Assembly issued a constitution, created a
strong president and one-house legislature
Radicals Change France

France Accepts a
Strong Ruler



Louis-Napoleon—
Napoleon Bonaparte’s
nephew—is elected
president
Louis-Napoleon later
takes the title
emperor.
He promotes
industrialization.
A New Bonaparte

Napoleon’s nephew, Louis Napoleon was
elected by appealing to the working man
and on the basis of his famous name
 People
wanted stability and Napoleon had
brought stability to France
 Like his famous uncle, he declared himself
emperor (with the support of the people-by
means of a plebiscite)-Napoleon III

“When France sneezes, Europe catches
cold” - Metternich
 What
does this mean?
Belgium and Holland

The Congress of Vienna tried to combine
the two countries into a strong barrier to
the French in the north
 This,
obviously, was an artificial barrier for the
good of the conservatives in containing
France
The Belgians React

The Belgian people were very unhappy
with this situation
 They
were Catholic, the Dutch were
Protestant
 They had different languages and customs
 They were manufacturers, the Dutch were
traders
 They reacted by throwing up barricades,
threatened revolt, and demanded
independence
Belgium Gains Independence
Britain and France both thought that they
would benefit from a separate Belgium
and Holland, so they supported Belgium
 Belgium became an independent country
with a liberal constitution

Poland
Poland was divided up by Russia, Prussia,
and Austria
 They wanted to be united as a single
country, but most of the country had been
handed over to Russia
 When Polish army officers, students, and
landowners rebelled, they were crushed
by the Russians

 They
got little support from other countries
Austrian Empire
Riots broke out in all of the major cities
 Metternich censored the press and tried to
contain the anger

 Students
protest
smuggled in books and began to
 Workers
joined the students
 Metternich disguised himself to flee Austria (for
England)
 This began a series of revolutions throughout
Europe
Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires

The Breakup of the Austrian
Empire

Austria includes people from
many ethnic groups


Half were Slavic peoples:
Czechs, Slovaks, Poles,
Ukrainians, Croats, Serbs, and
Slovenes
1866 defeat in AustroPrussian War and Hungarian
nationalism forces emperor to
split the empire into Austria
and Hungary (Dual Monarchy)

Francis Joseph was Emperor of
Austria and King of Hungary.
Flag of Austria-Hungary
representing two kingdoms,
but ruled by one emperor. This
was a concession to Hungarian
nationalism.
Nationalist unrest would
continue.
Hungary
Louis Kossuth was a Hungarian journalist
in Budapest who demanded an
independent government to end serfdom
 The Czechs next door made similar
demands
 The Austrians gave in temporarily until
they could bring troops in to smash any
rebellion

German States

University students again led the fight for
national unity and liberal reforms
A
potato famine brought peasants and
workers into the fight

King Frederick William IV agreed to a
constitution written by an elected
assembly
 He
dissolved the assembly within a year
German Issues – Frankfurt Assembly

Should a united Germany:
 Be
a republic or a monarchy?
 Should Austria be included?
 They
spoke German
 The
previous slide’s King Frederick William IV
was offered the crown of a United Germany
 He
refused, saying that the crown was offered
“from the gutter” (or by the common man)
Rebellions Fade
By the 1850s, most of the rebellions that
had been happening since the late 1700s
faded away
 Why?

 The
use of military force
 Loss of mass support
 Focus of change shifted from revolution to
political activity
German Unification Background
During the 1800s the modern area of
Germany was actually made up of 350
independent states
 Napoleon dissolved Holy Roman Empire.
 Prussia became the most important of
these states

 They
were the largest state and had the best
economy and most powerful military
Map of Germany Before Unification
German Unification Background
During Napoleon’s rule he took over most of the
modern day area of Germany
 Feelings of nationalism started to emerge since
the German people wanted to be free from
Napoleon’s rule
 The German people had their own shared
language, ethnicity, history, geography, and
religion
 It was time for them to get rid of foreign
influence (Napoleon/France) and unify
themselves

German Unification Background
After Napoleon’s defeat, some German
nationalists called for the unification of
Germany
 These people were blocked by Metternich
at the Congress of Vienna

German Unification Process
Otto von Bismarck



Most important person in the
unification of Germany
He was the prime minister of
Prussia. Member of the Junker
class (landowning nobles).
He believed in realpolitik
Governments should not be
idealistic
 Governments should always do
what is in their best interest
 Disregard morals and scruples if
necessary
 Use any practical means to meet
your goals

German Unification Process

Otto von Bismarck


Bismarck did not believe
that speeches and
government would unify
Germany
Instead he believed
Germany would be unified
by “blood and iron”
Germany would be unified
by winning wars
 Germany would fight three
major wars in order to
unify itself

German Unification Process

Otto von Bismarck in a speech given to
the Prussian Parliament
 “Germany
does not look to Prussia’s
liberalism, but to her power…The great
questions of the day are not to be
decided by speeches and majority
resolutions––that was the mistake of
1848 and 1849––but by blood and iron.”
German Unification Process

Danish War


Austro-Prussian War




1864, Prussia allied with Austria to seize land from Denmark
1866 Prussia turned against Austria to gain more land
Prussia beat Austria in just seven weeks
Several German states were annexed by Prussia to form the
North German Confederation
Franco-Prussian War



1870 Bismarck stirred up feelings of nationalism and bitterness
against Napoleon to convince the Germans to go to war against
France
By 1871 they had defeated the French
During the war, southern German states agreed to unite with
Prussia
German Unification Process
By 1871 German
Unification was completed
 The Prussian King, William
I, became the Kaiser
(emperor) of a united
Germany
 Second Reich or Empire
was born.
 2 House legislature


Bundesrat (Upper House) &
Reichstag (Lower House)
After Unification
Centralized Power under Bismarck
(Iron Chancellor)
 Militarism/military alliances
 Encouragement of Industry

 Chemical
and Energy industries
Persecution of Subject Nationalities
 Germanization
 Fought Catholics
 Fought Socialists

Actions Against Catholic Church
The Kulturkampf against the Catholic
Church
 Believed that the Catholics were loyal to
the pope and not him
 Persecuted the Catholics: made them
stronger
 Bismarck's move backfired, and he would
work to make peace with the Church

Bismarck’s Domestic Policies
 Bismarck
Socialists
 1st
vs. Labor Unions and
violence/did not work
 Weakened the unions and socialists
through social security legislation
 Insurance for retirement, sickness
and disability
 Social Security system Becomes
model for rest of Europe
Germany Strengthens

Germany Becomes an Industrial Giant
 By the late 1800’s, German Chemical and Electrical industries were the best
in Europe, and Germany possessed a merchant marine second only to
Britain’s
 Making Economic Progress
 Germany possessed most of the same resources that Britain had to achieve
industrialization, including vast coal and iron deposits, especially in the Ruhr
valley.
 Krupp – steel and weapons
 August Thyssen – steel
 Carl Zeiss - optics
 Promoting Scientific and Economic Development
 Science in industry
 Educated workers
 Synthetics
 Single currency
 Coordinated railroads
 Protectionist policies
Kaiser William II
•Asked Bismarck to resign.
•Believed in divine right
theory.
•Resisted efforts for
democratic reforms.
•Expanded social welfare
programs.
•Expanded German military
and navy.
•Expanded German empire
to rival the British and the
French.
Italy
Italy was comprised of many small states
along the peninsula that had broken away
from Hapsburg control
 Revolutionaries expelled the pope from
Rome and set up a nationalist government
 Austrian troops broke up the small states
and French troops restored the pope to
Rome

Italian Unification Background



Ever since the fall of the
Roman Empire in the 400s,
Italy had been divided into
many small states
After the Congress of Vienna,
the separate Italian states
were put under the control of
Spain and Austria
Feelings of nationalism grew
stronger over the years
 Italians had the same
ethnicity, language,
history, geography, religion
Three Main Leaders of Italian
Unification

Giuseppe Mazzini




“The Soul”
Leader of the Young
Italy movement: secret
society that worked for
the unification of Italy
French forces crushed
Mazzini's brief Italian
republic.
His writings and
speeches inspired
nationalist feelings in the
Italian people
Three Main Leaders of Italian
Unification

Count Camillo Cavour
“The Brain”
 Prime Minister of
Sardinia (one of the
states in Italy)
 A diplomat who
worked alliances with
France and Prussia
 Used diplomacy and
war to drive Austria
out of power in Italy.
 Practiced realpolitik

Three Main Leaders of Italian
Unification

Giuseppe Garibaldi
“The Sword”
 Professional soldier
and leader of the Red
Shirts in the Kingdom
of the Two Sicilies
 Accepted aid from
Cavour
 Started in Southern
Italy and moved north,
conquering each place
as he went, unifying
Italy piece by piece

Italian Unification Completed



Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia
aided Garibaldi’s troops
In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II of
Sardinia was crowned king of a
unified Italy
Italy still faced some problems
 The urban north argued
with the rural south
 The Catholic Church
resisted the new
government
 Socialists and Anarchists
threatened the
conservative government
under Victor Emmanuel.
Reform in Russia
Despite the efforts of Peter the Great and
Catherine the Great, Russia remained
economically underdeveloped and
backward.
 Serfdom in Russia

 Czars
fail to free the serfs because they fear
losing the support of landowners.

Nicholas I & Absolutism
 “Orthodoxy,
Autocracy, and Nationalism”
 Unable to change the serf-landowner system.
Reform in Russia

Defeat Brings Change


Russia’s lack of
industrialization leads
to military defeat in
the Crimean War.
Alexander II—czar
who determines to
make social and
economic changes
Alexander II was also called
“Alexander the Liberator.” In Finland
he is known as “the Good Czar.” Why?
Reform in Russia

Reform and Reaction
In 1861, Alexander II emancipates
the serfs, but debt keeps them on
the same land.
 Reform halts when Alexander II is
assassinated by terrorists in 1881.
 Alexander III imposed strict
censorship and increased the
power of the secret police.
 Driven by nationalism, Alexander
III encourages industrialization,
railroad building, and iron and coal
mines with factories.

The Church of the
Savior on Blood
commemorates the
place where Alexander
II was assassinated.
Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires

The Russian Empire Crumbles
 After
370 years, Russian czars begin losing
control over their empire
 Russification—forcing other peoples to
adopt Russian culture
 Pogroms
– violent mob attacks on Jews.
 Policy further disunites Russia, strengthens ethnic
nationalism
Russian Revolution of 1905


Bloody Sunday
 Loss of faith in the czar
Revolution of 1905
 Russian workers strike  workers take over local
governments.
 Minority nationalities demand independence.
 October Manifesto protects freedom of person, speech and
assembly.
 Duma, or elected legislature formed
 Nicholas II would dissolve the Duma and named Peter
Stolypin as Prime Minister
 Stolypin would institute reforms until he was assassinated in
1911.
A Shift in Power

Balance Is Lost

In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five
powers in Europe:





Austria
Prussia
Britain
France
Russia
By 1871, Britain and Prussia (now Germany) have
gained much power
 Austria and Russia are weaker militarily and
economically.
 New nations have formed in Central Europe and
South Eastern Europe due to the weakening of the
Austrian Empire and the Ottoman Empire.
