Transcript uploads/4/8/0/6/48063503/ch_14_kaganx

The Age of Nation States
CH 14
Revolutions of 1848
 Collapsed in defeat for both liberalism and
nationalism
 25 years later-liberal and nationalist goals
reached
 Germany and Italy United
 Austria-Hungary becomes a constitutional
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monarch
Russia-serfs emancipated
France had become a republic
Franchise extended
Political rights extended
Crimean War (1853-1856)
 Russia desired to extend influence over
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Ottoman Empire
Russia protective big brother of Orthodox
Christians in Ottoman Empire
France protector of Roman Catholics
Ottoman empire had yielded to French
pressure and assigned care of holy places to
French
Russians occupied Ottoman provinces of
Moldavia and Walachia
Ottoman empire
 “sick man” of Europe
 Russia saw breakup of Ottoman empire
 France, Britain, and Austria opposed Russian
expansion in eastern med
 March 1854-France and Britain declared war on
Russia in alliance with ottomans
 Austria mobilizes troops, but does not declare
war in support of Russia
 Inept conduct of the War
 March 1855-Nicholas I died-Alex II takes throne
 Russian fortress of Sevastopol falls
Peace Settlement
 Treaty of Paris
 Russia surrenders territory near mouth of
Danube
 Renounces claims to protect Orthodox Christians
 Shatters view of invincible Russians
 Alexander II reforms Russia after weakness
 Period of instability in European affairs
 Austria weakened after lack of support for Russia
Italian unification
 Mid 19th century-dozen independent states
 Hapsburg dynasty with power
 How to achieve unification?
 1. Romantic Republicanism
 Leader was Giuseppe Mazzini-most important
nationalist leader aided by Giuseppe Garibaldi
 1831-Young Italy Society
 Led insurrections and Guerrilla war
 Italy still a “geographic expression”
Mazzini and Garibaldi
unification
Count Camillo Cavour
 Prime Minister of kingdom of Sardinia
(Piedmont)
 King was Victor Emmanuel I
 Strong monarchist who rejected Republicanism
 Favored a unified state on Italian peninsula
 Pr0moted economic expansion and material
bonds between Italians
 Conducted diplomacy to get French support
against Austria-War!
Romantic republicanism
 May 1860-Garibaldi lands in Sicily with 1000
troops
 Captures Palermo and Kingdom of Naples
 Threat of Civil War as Cavour sends troops south
 Garibaldi accepts unification under Piedmont’s
control
 Monarchial rather than republican Italy
 March 1861-Victor Emmanuel II proclaimed King
of Italy
Italy
 Conservative constitutional monarchy
 2 house legislature
 Ministers responsible to King not parliament
 Corrupt politics
 Papacy still controlled Vatican until 1929
 Urban working class in north
 South rural, poor, and backward
German Unification-most impt
political development
between 1848-1914
German unification
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German confederation was in place
39 states of differing size and strength
2 most important were Austria and Prussia
Major states traded through Zollvereign
(tariff union) and railroads
 Prussian king Fredrick William IV opposed
unification efforts
 1858-FW IV judged insane, Rise of William I
 Deadlock between William and Parliament
Otto von Bismarck (18151898)
Otto von Bismarck
 Junker noble who was appointed to be Prime
Minister under William I
 Moved against the liberal parliament to raise
taxes to support army
 Embraced the cause of nationalism to
strengthen the monarchy and the army
 Called a “white” revolutionary-Constitutional
reform that supported core institutionsmonarchy, army, junkers
Bismarck
 “The great questions of the day
will not be decided by speeches
and majority decisions-but by iron
and blood”
Iron and Blood
 The Danish War of 1864-Prussia allies with
Austria to defeat Denmark and incorporate
Schleswig-Holstein –Galstein convention
gives Schleswig to Prussia and Holstein to
Austria
The Austro-Prussian War of 1866-Prussia easily
defeats Austria in 7 weeks war-excludes
Austrian Hapsburgs from German affairs
North German confederation
 1867-Prussia annexes all German states north
of Main river
 Military forces under Prussian control
 President of the confederation was the king
of Prussia Bicameral legislature-conservative in nature
 Federal council-Bundesrat -chosen by states
 Lower House-Reichstag-chosen by universal male
suffrage-peasants would vote for conservatives
Franco-Prussian War of 187071
 Bismarck desired to bring Southern German
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states into unified Germany
Dispute with French over the Spanish
monarchy
William I sent telegram to OVB about
peaceful resolution of crisis
OVB edited telegram-William had insulted
French!
French declared war on Prussia
Franco-Prussian War of 187071
 Southern German states fought with Prussia
 Paris captured in 1871
 Jan 1871-Hall of Mirrors in Versailles
 Proclamation of German Empire
 Germany annexed Alsace and Lorraine
 Forced France to pay indemnity
Germany
 Powerful new state in central Europe
 Talented and productive citizens
 Rich in natural resources
 Advanced education system
 Conservative creation and politics
 Strongest economic and military state on
continent
 Revealed French and Austrian weakness
France: from Liberal Empire
to the Third Republic
 1860-dividing line between authoritarian
empire to liberal policies
 Napoleon III-more liberal policies to shore up
domestic support after fopo failures
1. Mexico-French intervened in Mexico to
support Archduke Maximilian of Austria-led
to the execution of Maximilian
2. Franco-Prussian War-France humiliated by
Prussia-Emperor captured and sent to
England after Battle of Sedan
Paris Commune
 1871-Paris captured by Prussians after seige
 Treat of Frankfurt ratified by NA
 Paris Commune established by radicals and
Socialists
 National Assembly surrounds Paris with army
 20,000 killed
 Desire to establish independent radical
democratic enclave-failed
The Third Republic
 Monarchists divided and frustrated
 1875-National government formed
 Republic
 Bicameral legislature
 Upper House-Senate-chosen indirectly
 Lower House-Chamber of Deputies-universal
male suffrage
 President-Chosen by 2 legislative houses
The Habsburg Empire
 Emperor Francis Joseph (1848-1916)
 Response to revolts was to reassert absolutism
and tradition
 No strong advisor like Cavour or Bismarck
 Failure in foreign policy-Crimean War, France
Peidmont, Prussia
 Ausgleich (Compromise) of 1867-Habsburg
empire transformed into a dual monarchy
between Austria and Hungary-almost wholely
separate states
National unrest
 Principle of legitimacy?
 Political loyalty based on Nationality-Hungarians
 Political Loyalty based on dynastic attachment
to emperor
 Major source of political instability throughout
central and eastern Europe for all of the 4 great
empires-German, Russian, ottoman, and
Austrian
Russia: Emancipation and
revolutionary Stirrings
 Alexander II: Reforming Czar
 Humiliation after Crimean war
 Abolition of Serfdom-1861
 Abolished serfdom-did not give them land!
 Village elders controlled titles to land and
installed collective taxes for 49 years
 Peasants fell behind in debt to powerful
landowners
Other reforms
 Authority of village communes over peasants
 Local councils of nobles organized in 1864
 Alex II introduces western legal principles –
equality before law and jury trials
 Reform of the army-mandatory service
reduced to 15 years, and then to 6 years
 Polish January insurrection of 1863-alexander
II moves to Russify Poland
Problems
 Reforms did not go far enough
 Serfs not truly emancipated
 Nobles resented lack of influence in
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government
1866-Attempt made on Czar’s life
Government becomes a police state
Rise of radical groups
Autocracy becomes reactionary
Revolutionary ideas
 Populism: sought a social revolution based
on the communal life of the Russian peasants
 Alexander Herzen: The Bell
 Land and Freedom- radical society
 Winter of 1877-78-students and the
intelligentsia take message to peasants in
villages-hundreds arrested and tried
Repression
 Policy of terrorism adopted
 Jan 1878-Vera Zasulich attempts to assassinate
military governor of St Petersburg
1879- The People’s Will – manifesto called for
destruction of autocracy
March 1881-Assassinated Alexander II
Nicholas III-Reactionary autocrat-rolled back
reforms
The dastardly deed
The Czar in repose
The executions
Great Britain: Towards
Democracy
 Confident liberal state with maturing
institutions
 New groups and institutions absorbed into
Parliament and shared general prosperity
 2 remarkable Prime Ministers Benjamin Disraeli-Conservative
 William Gladstone-Liberal
The Great Rivalry
Benjamin Disraeli
 Conservative minister in HOC
 Introduced Reform bill in 1867 after failure of
liberal bill
 Extended vote to male working class voters
 Thought workers and middle class would be
more responsive to Conservatives if
responsive to social issues
William Gladstone: (18681874)-4 times liberal PM
 Culmination of classical British liberalism
 1870-civil service reform
 1870-Educaton Act-Govt assumed
responsibility for running elementary schools
 1872-Secret Ballot act
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 All able citizens compete on base of ability
and merit
Benjamin Disraeli-(18741880)
 Founder of Modern British conservatism
 More paternalistic than Gladstone
 Protect the weak and ease class antagonism
 Public Health Act of 1875-state would protect
public health and physical well being dealing
with sanitation
 Artisan Dwelling Act of 1875-housing for the
working class
 Gave new protection to British trade unionsallowed to raise picket lines
Act of Union of 1800-Kingdom
of Ireland and GB United
 United Kingdom-1801
 Abolished Irish Parliament
 Irish represented at Westminster by 100 MPs
 Est of Church of Ireland
 No Catholics allowed in office
The Irish Question
 Irish question of home rule-1880’s to 1914question of more autonomy for Ireland within
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British empire
Home Rule League-Charles Stewart Parnell
Legislation passed during Gladstone’s ministries
1. Disestablished Church of Ireland
2. land act-compensation to evicted Irish
farmers
3. 2nd Land act-tenant rights for Irish
4. Coercion Act-restore law and order in Ireland
Irish question
 1912-Third Irish Home Rule bill passed
 Festered in British politics until after WW1suspended during the war
 Created division in British politics that made
social and political reform difficult
 Made the creation of new party of Labor to
fill vacuum