Transcript Chapter 22 Age of nation states

Chapter 22 Age of nation
states
The Crimean War
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Grew out of a rivalry between the Ottoman Empire and Russia
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A war ensued with major European Powers- France and Britain declared
war on Russia who settled the matter in the Treaty of Paris in 1856
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The Crimean War broke the Concert of Europe and marked a new era in
European politics
Italian unification
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Nationalists hoped for Italian unification, but Italians disagreed how to
accomplish it
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Romantic republican nationalism was led by Giuseppe Mazzini who found
the Young Italy Society, to drive Austria from the peninsula
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Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi led insurrections in the 1830s through
1850s
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Between 1852-1860 Italy was transformed into a nation-state governed by
a constitutional monarchy. Full unification remained elusive
German Unification
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The construction of a unified Germany was one of the most important political
developments in Europe between 1848-1914 because it altered the
international balance of power
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In 1862 William I of Prussia turning to Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) who moved
against the liberal Parliament and sought support for unifying Germany through
a war with Denmark
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Bismarck supported the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein in their efforts to
avoid getting incorporated into Denmark
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Together Russia and Prussia defeated Denmark in 1864
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Elevated Bismarck’s prestige and led to a conflict between two countries in
1865
German Unification continued
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Bismarck then provoked war with Austria over the administration of
Schleswig and Holstein
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The seven weeks war led to the defeat of Austria in 1866 and established
Prussia as the only major power among German states
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In 1867 the north German confederation formed with Bismarck
representing the King of Prussia as President
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Germany had become a military monarchy crushing Prussian liberalism
German unification continued
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The Franco-Prussian war (1870-1871) enabled Bismarck to bring southern
German states into the confederation.
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Bismarck orchestrated war by provoking France against Prussia
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Southern German states joined Prussia against Napoleon III armies
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The Germans beat French armies and captured Napoleon III
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Besieged Paris and proclaimed it part of the German empire
France: From Liberal Empire to the
Third Republic
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The provinces and Paris differed on how to handle a settlement with the
Prussians
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The National assembly was dominated by monarchists and led by
Adolphe Thiers
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The Treaty of Frankfurt that France would pay an indemnity and the
Prussians would occupy France until it was paid
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Alsace and part of Lorraine was granted to the Prussians
France: From Liberal Empire to the
Third Republic continued
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Parisians who had suffered under the Prussian siege rebelled against the
Treaty of Frankfurt
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Elected a new municipal government on March 28, 1871 called Paris
Commune that was created to administer Paris separately from the rest of
Paris
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On May 8, 1871 the National assembly bombared the city and broke
through the defenses on May 21, 1871
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Troops restored order in Paris killing 20,000 Parisians in the process and
ending the Commune
France: From Liberal Empire to the
Third Republic continued
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In 1875 the National Assembly adopted a new republican system
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Chamber of deputies that elected by universal male sufferage
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A senate chosen indirectly
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President elected by the two legislative houses
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1879 President Marshal MacMahon resigns and the republicans gained
control of the national government
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The Dreyfus Affair, a case involving the trumped case of a Jewish captain,
was the major crisis
The Habsburg Empire
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The Habsburg domains remained primarily absolutist after the Revolutions of
1848
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1861 Francis Joseph issued the February Patent which set up a bicameral
imperial parliament or Reichsrat an upper chamber appointed the emperor
and lower chamber indirectly elected
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The Magyars refused to recognize the system, but the February patent ruled
the country for six years
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In 1867 Francis Joseph transformed the Habsburg Empire into Austria Hungary
toe satisfy the desires of Magyars to maintain their lands separately from Austria
while sharing same monarch
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The unrest of the many nationalities in Habsburg Empire caused instability
throughout Europe
Russia: Emancipation and
Revolutionary Stirrings
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Alexander II restructured Russian society after Russia’s defeat in the
Crimean War, ushering in some of the much needed reforms
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Abolition of serfdom in 1861. Alexander II became known as the Tsar
Liberator
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he was never popular with his noble subjects who resented his control
over policy
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1870s Young Russians drew on the ideas of Alexander Herzen and formed
the Populism movement
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Sought social revolution based on the communal life of the Russian
peasants
Great Britain Toward Democracy
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Reform Bill sponsored by Benjamin Disraeli, a house of Commons leader in
1867.
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By the time the measure had passed the number of voters had almost
doubled
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William Gladstone ushered in many liberal reforms including the opening of
more institutions to the public and people from other classes and religious
denominations
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The Education Act of 1870 made the government responsible for
administering elementary schools.
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Gladstone was also forced to confront the Irish question during his
administration