Transcript Italy, Germany, France

Nationalism
Unit 11
“War is only a continuation of
state Policy by other means. War
is not merely a political act, but also
a real political instrument. . . .
Clausewitz, Prussian General
1
In the second half of the nineteenth century, the
balance of power in Europe was greatly changed by:
A. the rapid increase of the
French population
B. Britain’s decision to
concentrate on empire
building in Africa and Asia
C. Austria’s interest in the
Balkans
D. the unifications of Germany
and of Italy
E. the emergence of an
Ottoman threat to eastern
Europe
2
In the second half of the nineteenth century, the
balance of power in Europe was greatly changed by:
D. the unifications of Germany
and of Italy
72%
3
Realpolitik
 Achieving
goals in a Machiavellian
fashion
 Turn from romanticism/ idealism
to realism
4
The Unification of Italy
5
Italian States before 1860
6
Italian Nationalist
Leaders
Giuseppi
Garibaldi
[The “Sword”]
Count Cavour
[The “Head”]
King Victor
Emmanuel II
[The “Wave”]
Giuseppi
Mazzini
[The “Heart”]
7
Sardinia-Piedmont: The
“Magnet”
8
Views of Pope Pius IX and the
Catholic Church on unification
Opposed nationalism
 Had been driven out of
Rome in revolts of 1848

1864 Syllabus of Errors
Denounced all radicalism

9
The Unifications of Italy
Count Camilio Cavour (1855)
editor of Il Risorgimento
•Infrastructure
•Law on Convents
and Siccardi Law
•Papal Response:
Syllabus of Errors
•Plombieres
10
Victor Emmanuel and
Napoleon III
11
Step #1
12
1859-1860
Additions
Italian
Unification
13
14
What two areas were not
politically united with Italy?
15
Final Unification
Why could Italy take Rome in 1870?
16
Italy’s problems after unification:
Weak government
Church hostility
Poor economic conditions
Lack of major raw materials
Italian militarism and ambition for colonies
17
The Kingdom of Italy:
1871
18
The 1860 cartoon illustrates which
of the following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The Right Leg in the Boot at Last!!
Garibaldi:"If it won't go on Sire, try a little E.
powder.”
Garibaldi presenting
liberated Italian territory to
Victor Emmanuel
Garibaldi replacing Cavour as
Victor Emmanuel’s principal
adviser
Garibaldi asking for more
ammunition from Victor
Emmanuel to help free
southern Italy
Napoleon III’s military
support for Garibaldi
The complete unification of
19
Italy, including Rome
The 1860 cartoon illustrates which
of the following?
A.
Garibaldi
presenting
liberated Italian
territory to
Victor Emmanuel
39%
The Right Leg in the Boot at Last!!
Garibaldi:"If it won't go on Sire, try a
little powder.”
20
21
German Unification
22
Political stalemate in the
German states after 1848
 Prussia
and Austria sought to block the
other within the German Confederation
 Humiliation of Olmutz
 End of the Grossdeutsch plan
 What was the impact of the Zollverein?
 Kleindeutsch plan
23
Steps to German
Unification
24
Chancellor Otto von Bismarck
•Blood and Iron
•Gap theory
•Never believe
anything until it’s
been officially denied
•The less people
know about how
sausages and laws are
made, the better
they’ll sleep at night.
25
How did Bismarck “start”
a war with Austria?
•
•
SchleswigHolstein
Austria declared
on Prussia for
taking both in
1866.
26
Austrian Prussian War -1866
Seven Weeks War
 AND
THE RESULTS WERE ?????
 Kleindeutsch plan!
 Austria given generous terms
 Italy received Venice from Austria
27
What was the outcome AUSTROPRUSSIAN WAR 1866?
28
North German
Confederation
 Reichstag
 Budenstag
 Really
run by…?
29
Bismarck and Wilhelm I receive the
French reply to the Ems Dispatch
30
Franco-Prussian War
31
Sedan, 2 September 1870; A shattered
Emperor Napoleon III, frequently in tears,
surrendered his sword to William, King of
Prussia
32
A French cartoon entitled Entrée du Charlemagne
moderne à Paris, 1870
Views on the
Treaty of Frankfurt?
33
Kaiser Wilhelm I
crowned at Versailles
1871
34
Alsace and Lorraine
35
German Imperial Flag
36
German people saw
themselves as the most
superior of all Europeans.
Germans accepted semiauthoritarian rule and
nationalism.
37
Mass Politics
 Loyalty
to governments
 Usually universal male suffrage
 Political parties
 Flag waving distracts from problems
 Conservatives with liberal
reforms….?
38
Bismarck: the “iron chancellor,” 1875
Social Democratic Party
Catholic Center Party
How did Bismarck deal with these “threats”?
40
“kulturkampf;” Bismarck and Pius IX
I will not “go to Canossa.”
• Historical reference to when HRE
Henry IV upset Pope Gregory VII
in 1076.
• Had to travel to the pope’s
residence and beg for forgiveness
to prevent excommunication, as this
would have caused his subjects to
ignore his rule.
Bismarck is saying he will not bow to
the pope’s will.
HRE Henry IV at Canossa
Today, “going to Canossa” means
an act of penitence.
Establishment of
Authoritarian Government in
Germany
 Army
is the root of the economy as
the railroad system and chemical
and agricultural improvements made
German a nation ready for war.
 Entire social system also related to
the military and war. Authoritarian.
 Since early Prussian days, German
society very disciplined. . .
Kaiser Wilhelm II and Bismarck
“dropping the pilot” (1890)
Kaiser Wilhelm II
during World War I
France 19th Century
Timeline
Napoleon
Era
1800
1810
Louis XVIII
Charles X
1820
1830
Louis
Philippe
1840
Louis Napoleon
Third Republic
Napoleon III
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
47
Napoleon III
Combination of
nationalism and
Authoritarianism
48
Louis Napoleon
Leader of Second
Republic
1848 to 1852
Conservative Support:
 Falloux Law
 Disenfranchised many poor people
 Jailed democratic-socialist leaders
49
Economic Changes
Napoleon III
Changes
Analysis
1.Encouraged new
GREAT
SUCCESS
investment banks—
Credit Mobilier
How did he help the
2. RR
urban workers:
3. Public Works
*Regulation of pawn shops
4. Rebuilt Paris
*Better housing for workers
**first time any modern
*Gave them right to form
state played such a
unions and to strike
direct role in
stimulating the economy
50
Political Changes
 Universal male suffrage to elect
assembly members every 6 years
 Only he chose ministers
 Encouraged election of candidates he
approved of only
 Eased censorship
 Returned education to government
control
 Papal Response: Syllabus of Errors
51
Secret papers by Napoleon
III disclose that . . .
. . . he had a plan for the
“organization of the press for the
approaching elections.” A paper
found gives an exact idea of the
manner and the system by which
the Emperor Napoleon managed
universal suffrage, with the
manipulation of the French
press and prepared public
opinion through the medium of
his subsidized presses in Paris
and the provinces.
52
Why these liberal
changes?
53
The Third Republic led
by Adolphe Thiers
54
Siege of Paris, 1870
Paris Commune: 1870-71
Women fighting in the
Paris Commune
Paris Commune
“Paris Ablaze”
The Commune of 1871
Execution of federal generals
The “federal wall:” Pere Lachaise Cemetery
Chamber of Deputies
Leon Gambetta
63
Jules Ferry
64
General Boulanger
Ferdinand de Lesseps
The
Third
French
Republic
Third French Republic
Declared!
Adolphe Thiers
 Thiers’
government was
seen as:




Too
conservative.
Too royalist.
Too ready to
accept a
humiliating
peace with
Prussia.
Paris in Revolt!
The Paris Commune
[Communards]
Civil War!
Troops from
Versailles
Communards
 Known as the
“Bloody Week.”
The Communards
Paris City Hall
Destroyed
Attempted Communard
Reforms
*
*
*
*
Allowed trade unions & workers
cooperatives to take over factories
not in use and start them up again
unemployment exchanges
Provide basic secular elementary
education for all
Day nurseries
First Communist
Revolution?
It served as an
inspiration
to later
revolutionaries
like Vladimir
Lenin.
* 25,000
Communards
killed.
* 35,000 were
arrested.
Communard Casualties
The Third French
Republic
Who is in charge?
Chamber of Deputies (universal male
suffrage)
Leon Gambetta
Reforms

Trade unions fully legalized
The Boulanger Crisis 188789
* Bonapartism
without a
Bonaparte.
* Boulanger’s fall
increased public
confidence in
the Republic.
Europe 1871
79