Transcript Section 1: Building a German Nation

Section 1: Building a
German Nation
Section By: Steven Branigan
Taking Initial Steps Toward Unity
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In the early 1800s, German speaking people lived in
small states and were not united.
Napoleon annexed lands along the Rhine River for
France, and dissolved the Holy Roman Empire.
The Germans defeated Napoleon and won back their
lands. Germans now wanted a unified country.
At the Congress of Vienna, the German Confederation
was created and it was headed by Austria.
Prussia created an economic union called the
Zollverein. It dismantled tariff barriers between many
German states.
Map of 1800s Germany
Bismarck Unites Germany
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Otto Von Bismarck was the Chancellor of Prussia, and used his
policy of “blood and iron” to unite German states.
Bismarck was a master of realpolitik, or politics based on the
needs of the state.
He strengthened the army and increased Prussian prestige and
power.
In 1866, Bismarck defeated Austria in the Austro-Prussian war
and annexed several north German states.
Bismarck created a new confederation dominated by Prussia.
In 1870, Bismarck defeated Napoleon III in the Franco-Prussian
war.
Otto Von Bismarck
Birth of the German Empire
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Delighted by the victory over France, princes from the
southern German states and the North German
Confederation persuaded William I of Prussia to be
the Kaiser, or emperor.
In January 1871, the second Reich, or empire was
born.
Bismarck drafted a constitution and set up a two
house legislature.
The Bundesrat was the upper house and they were
appointed by the rulers of the German states. The
Reichstag was the lower house, and they were elected.
The Bundesrat
The Reichstag
German and Prussian Flag
Section 2: Germany
Strengthens
By Misael Cespedes
Germany Becomes an Industrial
Giant
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By the late 1800s, German chemical and
electrical industries were setting the standard
worldwide.
Making Economic Progress
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Economic growth was due to ample iron and
coal resources.
Had a disciplined and educated workface.
Rapid population growth.
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From 41 million in 1871 to 67 million by 1914.
House of Krupp.
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Enormous industrial complex that produced steel
and weapons for a world market.
Promoting Scientific and
Economic Development
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Germans were the first to see the value in
applying science in the development of new
products.
After 1871, the German government…
Issued a single currency for Germany.
 Reorganized the banking system.
 Coordinated railroads built by the state.
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The Iron Chancellor
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Otto von Bismarck
Wanted to keep France weak and isolated.
 Built strong links with Austria and Russia.
 Did not pursue naval power to avoid competition
with Britain.
 Sought to erase local loyalties to strengthen
nationalism.
 Targeted the Catholic Church and Socialists.
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Otto von Bismarck
Campaign Against the Church
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Catholics made up about a third of the population.
Bismarck was Lutheran and distrusted Catholics.
Launched the Kulturkampf
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“battle for civilization”
Goal was to make Catholics put loyalty to the state above
allegiance to the Church.
The campaign backfired and Bismarck worked to make piece
with the Church.
Campaign Against Socialists
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German Marxists organized the Social Democratic party.
 Called for parliamentary democracy and laws to improve
conditions for the working class.
Bismarck feared that socialists would undermine the loyalty
of German workers and turn them toward revolution.
He dissolved their groups, shut down their newspapers,
and banned their meetings.
The campaign also backfired.
The Social Democratic party continued to grow, and by
1912, they held more seats in the Reichstag (lower house)
than any other party.
Kaiser William II
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Strongly believed in the Divine Right to rule.
In 1890,asked Bismarck to resign.
While he resisted efforts to introduced democratic
reform, the government provided programs for social
welfare.
He…
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Lavished funds on German military.
Expanded the German Navy.
Won an overseas empire to rival those of Britain and France.
Kaiser William II
Italians felt little unity as a nation
• The biggest division was between the North and
the South
• The North was rich and had a lot of business and culture
• The South was rural and poor
• The Hostility of the nation and the Roman Catholic
Church divided the country
• Under Victor Emmanuel, Italy was a constitutional
monarchy that contained two- house legislature
• Radicals struggles against the conservative government
• The government gave more men the right to vote and
passed more laws to make better the social conditions
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Section 4: Nationalism
Threatens Old
Empires
The Hapsburg Empire
Declines
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Francis I and his foreign minister Metternich follow a very
conservative view on how Austria should be ruled.
Austria was not immune to the effects of industrialization
however.
The emperor could not stop change, therefore Austria
began to be engulfed by industrialization, just as all of
Europe had been.
The Hapsburgs ruled over many different ethnic groups in
their empire. This was a way to prevent the spread of
nationalism. Due to such ethnic diversity, any nationalists
uprisings were ended by the government.
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Francis Joseph was the heir to the Hapsburg throne who was
only eighteen when he became emperor.
In 1859, Austria was defeated in a war by France and Sardinia.
To strengthen Austria after the defeat, Joseph made a new
constitution that set up a legislature.
However, there was still tension between different ethnic groups
because the legislature did not satisfy every nation in the empire.
Emperor
Francis
Joseph
The Dual Monarchy
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After Austria lost their war with Prussia in 1866, more and more
people desired change, especially the Hungarians.
Ferenc Deák was a Hungarian leader who helped bring about
this change.
He helped create the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary, a new
political power.
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the Dual Monarchy, Austria
and Hungary split into two separate
states. They each had their own
constitution and the same ruler,
Francis Joseph.
Ferenc Deák
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The Dual Monarchy was greatly approved by the
Hungarians, but not other countries.
There was still tension between different ethnic
groups, like the Slavic people.
The Slavic Flag
The Ottoman Empire Collapses
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The Ottomans ruled over several countries just like the
Hapsburgs did.
They controlled from the Balkans to North Africa and the
Middle East.
Several Ottoman states won their independence and eventually
the idea of fighting for independence spread to other areas.
These ideas began to spread to Europe so European leaders
started to divide the Ottoman Empire. They referred to the
Ottoman Empire as “the sick man of Europe.”
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Various countries began to take over different parts of the
Ottoman Empire.
Russia, France, and Britain fought a war against the Ottomans to
take control of the Ottoman Empire.
These wars in the Balkans eventually “erupted” during 1914 into
World War I.
Section 5: Russia:
Reform and Reaction
Section By: Jim Hasher
Conditions in Russia
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By 1815 Russia had expanded and combined
cultures and nations to create a colossus
multinational empire.
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Nobles that owned land held the high power,
and rejected anyone or anything that might
threaten that.
Expansion of Russia
 Tsars have ruled with
absolute power having
everyone under their
control.
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By the 1800s, tsars saw that they needed to
modernize but resisted reforms that would
undermine their absolute rule
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The tsars held back on their reforms when they
were worried that they might lose the support of
Emancipation and Stirrings of
Revolution
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The Crimean war was fought on the Crimean
Peninsula between Russia, British, French, and
the Turks.
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Alexander II came to the throne in the year 1855
at the time of the Crimean War.
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Alexander II issued a royal decree that resulted
in the freeing of the serfs
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Emancipation was a turning point during the
revolution.
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Many peasants moved to cities in hopes of
finding jobs in factories and building up Russian
industries
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Alexander II set up a system of local
government that had zemstvos as the elected
assemblies
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Zemstvos were in charge and responsible for
road repair, schools, and agriculture.
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Radicals of the West demanded much more
revolutionary changes.
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When Alexander III came to the throne,
pogroms increased in Russia.
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Pogroms were violent mob attacks on Jewish
people
Crimean
Peninsula
•Crimean War fought
between Russia,
British, French, and
the Turks
Alexander II
•Took the throne in 1855 during the
time of the Crimean War
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Alexander III
•Persecution of Jewish people
increased rapidly in Russia. Pogroms
were a major issue.
Section 5: Russia
Reform and
Reaction
This section is done by Dan Cannon
The Drive to Industrialize
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1890’s Tsar Nicholas II encouraged economic
development
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Encouraged building of railroads
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Connected mines to factories to cities
Secured foreign capital to invest in industry and
transportation system
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Trans-Siberian Railroad was created
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Connected Pacific Ocean to European Russia
The Drive to Industrialize
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Political and Social problems increased as a result of the
industrialization
Government officials supported industry
Nobles and Peasants feared the change it would create
Radicals arose such as the Socialists (Karl Marx)
Industrialization has the same effect in Russia as it did in
England
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People living in slums
High amounts of pollution
Rapid urbanization
Nicholas II and Trans-Siberian
Railroad
Turning Point: Crisis and
Revolution
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Bloody Sunday
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News of military disasters opened the flood gates for
aggression
Protests started arising more often
Sunday January 22, 1905
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Marchers went towards the Winter Palace, holding religious
symbols and singing hymns.
They also had a petition for freedom
Nicholas became frightened by the people and fled the castle
The soldiers took over and started firing into the crowd killing
many
Bloody Sunday
Turning Point: Crisis and
Revolution
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The Revolution of 1905
The events of Bloody Sunday caused mass unrest
in Russia
 Workers rioted in the streets; Peasants revolted
against Nobles in the country side
 Nicholas could not take it anymore and put out the
October Manifesto
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Said he Would call the Duma to meet
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Duma is an elected national legislature
No law would be passed without the Duma’s approval
The Duma
Turning Point: Crisis and
Revolution
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Nicholas’s pledge won over the moderates but
not the Socialists
Duma met in 1906 but quickly dissolved after
the way it was run was criticized
Nicholas appointed Peter Stolypin as Prime
Minister
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Stolypin wanted mass reforms and to solve the
unrest
Turning Point: Crisis and
Revolution
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Peter Stolypin
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Stolypin made or attempted to make many reforms
Believed that all Peasants were conservatives at heart
Strengthened zentovs
Improved education
Couldn’t reach all with reforms
Wanted to make Peasants owners of land but could not do
so
Assassinated by Dmitri Bogrov on September 14, 1911
Peter Stolypin
Turning Point: Crisis and
Revolution
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Many believed that Stolypin was the last hope
of the Romanov dynasty and that his
assassination was the beginning of the end
Duma met again but their power was changed
into conservative
1914 Russia was an autocracy