Transcript Nationalism_Triumphs_in_Europe-1

Nationalism Triumphs in
Europe
By: Eric DeLuca, Christian
Figueroa, Kevin Blumenstein,
John Gallagher, Joe Bojko
Section 1: Building a German
Nation
• A)Otto von Bismarck was
known for a policy of "blood
and iron”
• Bismarck strengthened the
army to help pursue an
aggressive foreign policy.
Each war increased
Prussian power and paved
the way for German unity.
• Bismarck success was due
in part because he was a
master of realpolitik, or
realistic policies based on
the needs of the state.
The Holy Roman Empire
• In January 1871, German
nationalists celebrated the birth
of the Second Reich.
• The new unified Germany was
known as the Second Reich
because it was considered heir
to the Holy Roman Empire.
• German nationalists called the
unification of Germany under
William I the Second Reich
because they considered it heir
to the Holy Roman Empire.
Section 2: Germany Strengthens
•
A) Germany Becomes an Industrial Giant
– 1) Making Economic Progress
• A disciplined and educated work force also helped
the economy.
• In the aftermath of unification, the German empire
emerged as the industrial giant of the European
continent; setting the standard worldwide in
chemical and electrical industries.
• Germany’s rapidly growing population- from 41
million in 1871 to 67 million by 1914- also provided
a huge home market along with a larger supply of
industrial workers.
• During the 1850’s and 1860’s Germany founded
large companies such as the house of Krupp,
making steel and weapons for the markets.
• Also, Carl Zeiss built a company that became
known for its telescopes, microscopes and other
optical equipment.
– 2) Promoting Scientific and Economic Development
• German industrialists were the first to see the value
of applied science in developing new products
such as synthetic chemicals and dyes.
• After 1871, it issued a single currency for
Germany, reorganized the banking system, and
coordinated railroads built by the various German
states.
•
B) The Iron Chancellor
• As chancellor of the new German
empire, Bismarck posed several
foreign-policy goals.
• He wanted to keep France weak and
isolated while building strong links with
Austria and Russia.
– 1) Campaign Against the Church
• After unification, Catholics made up
about 1/3 of the German population.
• When he saw the Catholic threat,
Bismarck launched the Kulturkampf or
“battle for civilization.”
• His goal was to make Catholics put
loyalty to the state above allegiance to
the Church.
• Finally, Bismarck made peace with the
Catholics.
– 2) Campaign Against the Socialists
• Now he is threatened by the power of
socialism.
• He feared that socialists would
undermine the loyalty of German
workers and turn them toward
revolution.
• Bismarck set out to change the course,
and even though they benefited from
his plan, they did not get rid of
socialism.
• C) Kaiser William II
– In 1888,William II succeeded his
grandfather as Kaiser, and the
new emperor was supremely
confident in his abilities.
– He resisted efforts to introduce
democratic reforms, and at the
same time his government
supported social welfare.
– William’s nationalism and
aggressive military stance helped
increase tensions on the eve of
World War I.
Section 3: Unifying Italy
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–
•
People had not experienced unity since
Roman times.
Early 1800’s Italian Patriots determined to
build new united Italy.
A) Obstacles to Italian Unity
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•
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•
•
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1) Mazzini Establishes Young Italy
•
–
Frequent welfare and foreign rule led people to
identify with local regions.
At Vienna, Austria took control of much of
Northern Italy.
Nationalists organized secret patriotic societies
to expel Austrian forces.
1820-1848 nationalists revolts explode across
the region.
Austria send troops to crush rebels.
1899 Mazzini helps set up revolutionary
republic in Rome; French forces soon topple it.
2) Nationalism Takes Root
•
•
Revolution fails.
To Mazzini, United Italy made sense because
of geography, common language and history.
B) The Struggle
for Italy
•
- After 1848, leadership of Risorgimento passed to the kingdom of Sardinia
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1)Cavour Becomes Prime Minister
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-In 1852, Victor Emmanuel made Count Camillo Cavour his prime minister
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-Once in office, Cavour moved first to reform Sardinia’s economy
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2) Intrigue With France
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-In 1855, Sardinia joined Britain and France against Russia in the Crimean
War
-In 1858, Cavour negotiated a secret deal with Napolean who promised to
aid Sardinia in case it faced war with Austria
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-With help from France, Sardinia defeated Austria
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3) Garibaldi’s “Red Shirts”
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-By 1860, Garibaldi recruited 1000 red-shirted volunteers
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-Garibaldi’s forces won control of Sicily
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4) Unity At Last
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-Sardinians overran the papal states and linked up with Garibaldi’s forces
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-Garibaldi turned over Naples and Sicily to Victor Emmanuel
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-In 1861, Victor Emmanuel was crowned king of Italy
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-Italy formed an alliance with Prussia
C) Challenges Facing the New Nation
•
- Strong regional rivalries left Italy unable to solve
critical national issues
1) Divisions
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Hostility between Italy and the Roman Catholic
Church further divided the nation
Popes urged Italian Catholics not to cooperate
with the new government
2) Turmoil
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Socialists organized strikes against conservative
government while anarchists turned to sabotage
and violence
Slowly government extended suffrage to more
men a passed laws to improve social conditions
3) Economic Progress
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Industrialization brought urbanization as flocked
cities to find jobs in factories
By 1914, Italy was significantly better off than in
1861
Section 4: Nationalism Threatens
Old Emipres
•
A)Napoleon had dissolved most of the
Holy Roman Empire which the
Hapsburgs ruled for close to four
hundred years. This caused their
empire to slowly dissolve. The decline
started to give more people
independence which caused further
decline because of revolts. This empire
was the oldest ruling family in Europe
at the start of the decline. The
Hapsburgs were ruling over many
nationalities so they had to be able to
satisfy many different groups of
nationalists during the revolts.
Eventually many people wanted
change that the Hapsburgs could not
bring about.
Austria and Hungary were originally the same
countries. When the Prussians defeated the
Austrians, Ferenc Deak made an attempt at a
compromise for reform. He proposed that the
Austrians and the Hungarians form a dual
monarchy. This would have given the Hungarians
a say in the way the country was run. The other
groups of people resented it because they all
wanted to be free.
The ottoman empire collapsed because many
people in the empire wanted their own
freedom which led to revolts. Many people
actually started to win their independence
which caused fewer people to have to fight.
The first group to gain independence was
the Balkans, which were made up of Serbs
and Greeks.