Transcript Nationalism in Germany and Italy

Italian and German
Unification
Chapter 24 Section 3
Unity and Disunity
• Nationalism fueled efforts to build nationstates
• Shaking Old Empires
– Austrian Empire (Slovenes, Hungarians,
Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Poles,
Serbs, and Italians)
• Prussia wins Austro-Prussian War (union of Prussia
and 21 smaller German political states)
• Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria split his empire in
half declared Austria and Hungary separate states
• What did Francis Joseph hope to achieve by breaking
his empire into two states?
• After WWI Austria-Hungary broke up into smaller
states
– The Russian Empire (Ukrainians, Poles,
Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns,
Jews, Romanians, Georgians,
Armenians, Turks and others
• Russification: forcing Russian culture on all
ethnic groups
• How was Russification suppose to
strengthen the empire?
• WWI and communist revolution brought an
end to the Romanov dynasty in 1917.
– Ottoman Empire (Greeks, Slavs, Arabs,
Bulgarians and Armenians)
• Granted citizenship to all its citizens
angering many
• WWI broke apart the empire
Cavour
• Cavour in Sardinia
– Chief Minister, Count Camillo di Cavour
– Disliked absolutism and admired Britain's
system of parliament
– Wanted Italy to be united and industrialized
– Reorganized and strengthened the army
– Established banks, factories and railroads
– Believed in separation of church and state
– Allied Sardinia with France and Great Britain
Napoleon III
• Napoleon III and War with Austria
– Austria biggest obstacle to unification
– Napoleon III of France, allied with Sardinia, in hopes of
pushing Austria out of Italy and becoming more of an
influence in Italy
– Napoleon III and Cavour agreed that France would help
drive the Austrians out if Cavour would give Napoleon III
the French speaking regions of Nice and Savoy
– Why would Napoleon III agree to help Sardinia drive out
Austria?
– Austria declared war on Sardinia because Sardinia didn't
stop arming and mobilizing their army
Garibaldi
• Garibaldi and the Thousand
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Recruited an army of 1,100 soldiers
They were called the Red Shirts
Invaded Sicily and Naples
Cavour was afraid of Garibaldi's growing
power, so he sent an army to stop his
advancements
– Sardinia annexed most of the territory of the
Papal States
– Garibaldi met with Cavour and agreed to have
Victor Emmanuel II as king, as long as
Garibaldi could be governor of Naples, he was
denied
Bismarck
• Bismarck and Prussian Strength
– 1862, Bismarck became leader of the Prussian cabinet
– Turned the Prussian army into a war machine
– Maintain Prussian dominance in unification
• Unification through war
– Bismarck had to overcome two major obstacles
• Get rid of Austria as a powerhouse in the German Confederation
• Get rid of Austria's influence on the opinions of the southern
German states
– He overcame his obstacles through three wars
• The Danish War, the Seven Week's and the Franco-Prussian War
• The Danish War was fought over two territories, Schleswig
(Prussia) and Holstein (Austria)
• The Seven Week's War was fought against Austria for dominance
in the German Confederation
– The Treaty of Prague in 1866, Holstein and Venetia
– The Northern German Confederation formed, in 1867
• The Franco-Prussian War
– the southern states joined the Northern Confederation
– defeated the French, GC gained Alsace-Lorraine
German Empire
• Formation of the German Empire
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The German Empire was formed on January 18, 1871
Hall of Mirrors, in Paris, at the Palace of Versailles
All German states became united except for Austria
Berlin became the capital and Wilhelm I became
emperor/Kaiser with Bismarck as his Prime Minister
– Bismarck’s realpolitik
– Federal government controlled defense, foreign affairs
and commerce
– Legislative branch had two houses, the Bundesrat and
the Reichstag