Transcript nationalism
UNIT 6 NOTES NATIONALISM AND INDUSTRIALIZATION To every great State determined to survive the storm there still remain many chances of salvation, and a strong union between the States on the principles we have announced will overcome the storm itself. —Metternich, 1820 THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA 1814-1815 Purpose and Leading Members Reconstruct war-torn Europe Architects Prince Metternich (Austria) Viscount Castlereagh (Britain) Tsar Alexander I (Russia) King Frederick William III (Prussia) Prince Talleyrand (France) Major Problems Who should rule France? Britain favored Napoleon Austria favored Marie-Louise Talleyrand suggested Louis XVIII Place of France in Europe Balance of power & security Saxony and Poland Prussia got 60% of Saxony Kingdom of Warsaw created Major Settlements Principle of Legitimacy Restored legitimate rulers deposed by Revolution or Napoleon Principle Winning of Compensation nations traded land Rewarded nations important to Napoleon’s defeat with territory Major Settlements Denial of Democracy Denied people any voice in selecting their rulers/governments Britain most constitutional state But had no written constitution Constitutions in: Finland, France, Netherlands, Norway, Poland & Sweden Denial of Nationalism Groups denied independence Groups denied unity Associated with revolution Opposed to dynastic rights and the Habsburgs Age of Metternich Reactionary Used censorship and secret police In Austrian Empire In Austrian-dominated regions of Germany and Italy Quadruple Alliance or Concert of Europe Metternich organized it with: Austria Prussia Russia Britain France joined in 1818 Britain left in 1820 Purposes Enforce Vienna settlements Suppress revolutions Holy Alliance Tsar Alexander I organized it with most European monarchs Well-meaning but ineffective Dormant Holy Alliance often confused with active Quadruple Alliance LIBERALISM AND NATIONALISM Revolts Against the Metternich System Motivation Reformers opposed autocracy Demanded: Democracy (liberalism) Independence (nationalism) People resorted to revolutions when deprived of lawful means to attain goals Revolutions of 1820-1821 Spain Made Ferdinand VII approve limited monarchy Quadruple Alliance-backed French army ended the revolt Italy Two Sicilies and Piedmont sought constitutional government Quadruple Alliance-backed Austrian armies suppressed these revolts Latin American Revolutions (1800-1823) Spain fighting Napoleon Their colonies revolted and created democratic governments European nations wanted to reconquer Britain traded with independent nations US—Monroe Doctrine First breach of Metternich System Greek Revolution (1821-1829) Greece fought for independence from Turkey Britain, France, and Russia supported Greece to weaken Muslim Turks 1829-Greece won freedom Lord Byron Russian Decembrist Revolt Alexander I to throne in 1801 Attempted enlightened ideas Became reactionary At his death in 1825, fight for throne Constantine (lib) lost Nicholas (cons) won Nicholas won Revolutions of 1830-1832 France 1824-moderate Louis XVIII died Charles X (brother) next Reactionary 1830-French drove out Charles Louis Philippe next Constitutional government Revolutions of 1830-1832 Belgium Britain & France supported nationalists 1839-won independence from the Netherlands and neutrality Italy—Austria suppressed revolt Poland—Russia suppressed revolt Revolutions of 1848 France Louis Philippe unpopular Rioting Paris mobs made him flee France 2nd French Republic declared Louis Napoleon, nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, elected president Revolutions of 1848 Austrian Empire Inspired by French Austrians demanded democracy Nationalities claimed independence Czechs Italians Hungarians Metternich fled Austria Revolutionary groups quarreled among themselves Easy for reactionaries to conquer them Revolutions of 1848 Italy—suppressed except Sardinia-Piedmont Germany—suppressed except Prussia Significance End of Metternich system France—republic and universal male suffrage Piedmont—liberal constitution Many Europeans fled to US ROMANTICISM Dominated early 19th century Revolt against classicism Nature Passion Glories of past Nationalism INDUSTRIALIZATION Roots Commercial Revolution Domestic system 18th century British industrial growth The Enclosure Movement Factory Production Concentrated production in one place [materials, labor] Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets] Required much capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] More than skilled labor Coalfields & Industrial Areas Canals British Pig Iron Production FACETS Economic Facets Factory system Factory replaced home as center of production 12-14 hour work days Mass production Division of labor--one worker performs only one operation Standardization-interchangeable parts Assembly line--product moves from one worker to next Economic Facets Mass production (cont’d.) Advantages Efficient use of workers and machines Economical use of raw materials Speedy output of more goods at lower cost Disadvantages Workers perform monotonous, repetitious tasks Creativity is stifled Similar products push society into uniformity Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830 Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d. 11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d. 17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d. 22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d. 27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d. 32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d. 37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d. 42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d. 47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d. 52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d. 57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d. Economic Facets Modern capitalism Led by entrepreneurs Adam Smith led push to end mercantilism Laissez-faire included(s) Private ownership Free enterprise Profit motive Competition Market economy Economic Facets Higher living standard Late 19th century growth of big business and international economic interdependence Political Facets Push for imperialism Need large quantities of raw materials Need for mass markets Leadership of industrial nations Industry created: Gladstone Military power Financial strength Led to late 19th century/early 20th century major powers Disraeli European Industrial Production Political Facets Growth Rise of democracy of middle/working classes Desired political influence Extension of suffrage Rise of new political parties Mass media provided information Strengthened Mass nationalism media provided common info Transportation linked people Crystal Palace – London, 1851 Exhibitions of the industrial utopia Social Facets Improved status of women From home to factory and office Late 1800s organized to better their status More comfortable homes Leisure time Average work day from 15 hrs to 10 Could pursue personal interests Education Culture Recreation Social Facets New family patterns Families had 2 basic functions Education Economic Desire for education Industrial workers needed basic skills Educated maybe escape labor market More complex world needed to be understood Led to free public education Social Facets Humanitarianism Abolition of slavery Expanded missionary services Care for sick/wounded soldiers Improved treatment of insane and criminals Philanthropy Dynamic society Expected repeat of feudal, agrarian past But new, dynamic world of speed and opportunity Social Facets Increased world population Increased supply of food and goods Medical science improved Growth People of cities lured to cities by: Jobs Social and cultural opportunities Better transportation allowed movement of people and goods Crime easier Social Facets Labor discontent Hours-long Wages-low Children (5+) and women held industrial jobs Factories-unsanitary/unsafe Unions Technological unemployment Railroads on the Continent Coal Mining in Britain: 1800-1914 1 ton of 1800 coal 1850 30 tons 160 million 1880 tons 292 million 1914 tons 50,000 miners 200,000 miners 500,000 miners 1,200,000 miners Child Labor in the Mines Child “hurriers” Comparative Weight of Factory & Non-Factory Children (In lbs.) Age Average weight of males in factories Average weight of Age males not in factories Average weight of females in factories Average weight of females not in factories 9 51.76 53.26 9 51.13 52.40 10 57.00 60.28 10 54.80 54.44 11 61.84 58.36 11 59.69 61.13 12 65.97 67.25 12 66.08 66.07 13 72.11 75.36 13 73.25 72.72 14 77.09 78.68 14 83.41 83.43 15 88.35 88.83 15 87.86 93.61 Textile Factory Workers in England Industrial Protests and Reformers The Luddites: 1811-1816 Attacks on the “frames” [power looms] Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest] Peterloo Massacre, 1819: British Soldiers Fire on British Workers British Union, Factory/ Mine, & Suffrage Laws Factory Act of 1819 No hiring children under 9 No working >9 children more than 12-hour day 1824-1825 Workers strike could form unions but not British Union, Factory/ Mine, & Suffrage Laws Reform Lower Bill of 1832 property qualifications for voting More representation for large industrial cities City workers not enfranchised in 1832 made Chartist Movement The “Peoples’ Charter” (Chartists) 1838 Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform Votes for all men Remove requirement that Members of Parliament be property owners Secret ballot British Union, Factory/ Mine, & Suffrage Laws Factory Act of 1833 Prohibited hiring children <9 Prohibited working 9-13 year-olds more than a 9-hour day Mines Act of 1842 Prohibited mine employment for <10 and women 10-Hour Limited Law of 1847 child and woman labor to 10-hour day in textile factories NEW ECONOMIC IDEAS Thomas Malthus Population growth will outpace food supply War, disease, or famine could control population Poor should have fewer children Food supply would then keep up with population David Ricardo “Iron Law of Wages” When wages are high, workers have more children More children create large labor surplus that depresses wages The Utilitarians: Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill Goal of society = “greatest good for the greatest number” Government intervention provides some social safety net Socialism Government (as representative of people) Owns/operates major means of production and distribution Determines needs of people and provides goods services Plans economy Socialism Early types Utopian Socialists Capitalists would voluntarily end capitalism when they saw merits of socialism Scientific Socialists Capitalism would destroy itself LIBERALISM French Political Development Second French Republic (1848-1852) Louis Napoleon elected president In 1852 he ended republic Made himself Emperor Napoleon III of 2nd French Empire People voted to approve this change Second French Empire (1852-1870) Government Napoleon III kept outward democracy Constitution Legislature Universal male suffrage In reality dictatorship Secret police Censorship of the press State-controlled elections Second French Empire (1852-1870) Early popularity with: Nationalists Imperialistic moves Middle class Improved banking and credit Promoted railroads and canals Encouraged growth of industry City workers Legalized unions (limited right to strike) Created public works jobs Second French Empire (1852-1870) Later discontent from: Advocates of democracy Catholics—feared French aid to Italian unification threatened Church Nationalists—failure in Mexico Downfall Napoleon III opposed German unification Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) French overwhelmed Napoleon III captured Third French Republic (1871-1940) 1871-National Assembly elected Royalist majority Promised immediate peace Republican minority Pledged to continue war Accepted Prussia’s terms Assembly reestablished monarchy 1871-set up republic, meant to be temporary Royalists lost control to republicans Third French Republic (1871-1940) Dreyfus Affair (1894) Jewish, Republican Alfred Dreyfus courtmartialed by royalist officers Declared guilty of selling military documents to Germany Monarchists, clericals, and anti-Semites used this to discredit Republic In 1906, Dreyfus declared innocent Dreyfus Affair results Anti-Semitism discredited Monarchist army officers removed Laws to weaken clerical influence NATIONALISM GERMAN UNIFICATION German States (1789-1848) Factors promoting unity Common nationality Napoleon’s influence Aroused German nationalism against him Weakened Austrian authority Reduced 300 German states to fewer than 100 Congress of Vienna Reduced German states to 38 Made German Confederation Zollverein 1819-German tariff union By 1840 most German states were members German States (1789-1848) Factors hindering unity Differences among Germans North Protestant Manufacturing/commerce South Catholic Agricultural Opposition of Austria Opposition of small German states afraid of losing autonomy Opposition of France Unified Germany could challenge French leadership France felt more secure with weak neighbors Failure of 1848 Revolutions Liberals called Frankfurt Assembly Wrote democratic constitution Proclaimed united Germany Offered position of emperor to king of Prussia He refused because of fear of Austrian reaction Liberals lacked military power to enforce unification Liberals Way had to flee was open for unity under autocrat Steps to Unification (1862-1871) Leaders Bismarck Junker Prussian chief minister Reactionary United Germany by “blood and iron”, not votes William I (Wilhelm I) Hohenzollern king of Prussia Liberals had majority in legislature Opposed militarism Distrusted Bismarck 1862-67 Bismarck governed as virtual dictator by ignoring lawmakers Steps to Unification (1862-1871) Elimination Danish of Austrian influence War (1864) Created war with Denmark Aided by Austria, defeated Denmark Prussia and Austria became joint owners of provinces Steps to Unification (1862-1871) Elimination of Austrian influence Austro-Prussian War (1866) Bismarck purposely argued over S-H Treaty (1866) Prussia got S-H Austria ceded Venetia to Italy Austria agreed to end Austrian-dominated German Confederation North German Confederation (1867) Bismarck forced German states to join Prussian-dominated North German Confederation 4 south German states not Tied to Prussia by Zollverein Tied by defensive military alliance Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) Bismarck wanted war with France to bring in southern German states Pushed his choice for Spanish throne Nap. III declared war 4 southern states joined NGC Alsace and Lorraine to Germany Beginning of German Empire (1871) At Palace of Versailles, Bismarck proclaimed William I (Wilhelm I) as Emperor of German Empire German Empire’s Government Undemocratic Autocracy King had autocratic powers Bundesrat-powerful Appointed by heads of states Reichstag-few powers Popularly elected Prussian domination King and chief minister from Prussia Prussian-controlled Bundesrat Bismarck’s Empire (1871-1890) Militarism Industrialization Persecution of subject nationalities Propaganda against Jews Kulturkampf (against Catholics) Catholics supported states’ rights Measures against Socialists Democratic, antimilitarist, and internationalist Created social security to take steam out of their demands Bismarck’s Empire (1871-1890) Foreign policies-to gain allies and isolate France Alliance with Austria-Hungary Defensive alliance with Italy Befriended Russia Wilhelm II’s Empire (1888-1918) In 1890 WII dismissed Bismarck, reversing many of his policies, especially his alliances Strengthened military Furthered imperialism ITALIAN UNIFICATION Italy in 1815 Factors hindering unity Political division from Congress of Vienna Opposition of Austria Opposition of Papacy Discord among nationalists Factors promoting unity Nationalist feeling Patriotic societies Leaders Mazzini—soul of unification For democratic republic Used newspapers and speeches 1848-led unsuccessful try to take Papal States Founder of Young Italy Garibaldi—sword of unification For democratic republic Military leader who protected Mazzini’s short-lived Roman Republic Leader of Red Shirts Fought against French and Austrians Leaders Cavour—brain of unification For liberal monarchy Liberal prime minister of SardiniaPiedmont Diplomatically tried to unify Italy Victor Emmanuel II—King of Sardinia-Piedmont Supported Cavour’s liberal policies In 1861 became king of Italy Sardinia-Piedmont Unified Italy Problems After Unity RCC hostility because of seizure of Papal States Poor economic conditions Ambitious nationalism without real political/military power to accomplish it Government weaknesses People lacked democratic tradition Pope forbade Catholics from being in government or voting Until 1912, only wealthy could vote Bribery/Corruption in public life AUSTRIA Dual Monarchy (1867) Hungary received equal partnership Separate government for local matters Joined on national matters Serbs continued to agitate for freedom Gained nothing from this agreement Especially angry when Serbs within Ottoman Empire were freed in 1878 UNIT 6 NOTES NATIONALISM AND INDUSTRIALIZATION