Transcript German and Italian Unification

The Rise of
Nationalism
th
19
century
German
UNIFICATION
A DIVIDED GERMANY
Loose federation of 39
States
Controlled by 2 Powers
Austria – Hapsburgs
Prussia Hohenzollern
Prussian Junker
1851 – King
Frederick William IV
appointed him
representative to the
diet of the German
Confederation
Convinced –
Germany too small
for Austria & Prussia
1859 –ambassador
to Russia
1862 – ambassador
to France
Prussia/Austria Rivalry
Zollverein, 1834
A NEW PRUSSIAN KING
1858 – King Frederick William
IV – declared insane
Brother William becomes
regent
1861 – Frederick William IV
dies
William I takes the throne
German Unification
Who would lead German Unification?
Austria or Prussia?
King Wilhelm I appointed Otto Von
Bismarck as Chancellor in 1862
Bismarck ruled Prussia and ignored the
Reichstag (Parliament)
Politics of Reality- “Realpolitik”
Chancellor Otto von Bismarck
The “Iron
Chancellor”
Realpolitik
“Blood
&
Iron”
Otto von Bismarck . . . .
The less people know about how sausages and
laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night.
Never believe in anything until it has been
officially denied.
The great questions of the day will not be
settled by speeches and majority decisions—that
was the mistake of 1848-1849—but by blood
and iron.
A generation that has taken a beating is always
followed by a generation that deals one.
Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will
provoke the next war.
Prussia and other German
states
Wars of Unification
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1864- War against Denmark
Austria and Prussia went to war for the
German provinces of Schelswig and
Holstein
Prussia would administer Schleswig, and
Austria, Holstein
Bismarck “faked” disagreement over the
two duchies to goad the Austrians into
Step #1:
The Danish
War
[1864]
The Peace of
Vienna
The
German
Confederation
Step #2: Austro-Prussian War
[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866
Prussia
Austria
Step #3: Creation of the Northern German
Confederation, 1867
Shortly following
the victory of
Prussia, Bismarck
eliminated the
Austrian led German
Confederation.
He then established a new North
German Confederation which Prussia
could control  Peace of Prague
Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]:
1868 revolt in Spain.
Catalyst for War
Spanish leaders wanted
Prince Leopold von Hohenz.
[a cousin to the Kaiser & a
Catholic], as their new king.
France protested & his name was withdrawn.
The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to
apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold.
Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to
the French Ambassador to make it seem as though
the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.
Journalists in both countries stirred up nationalist feelings
Franco-Prussian War
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The French public demanded war
The Prussians captured Napoleon with his army on
September 2, 1870
The Second Empire fell on September 4, 1870
January, 1871- William was proclaimed Kaiser of a
new, imperial Germany
Peace signed in May required France to cede the
provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany and to
pay a multibillion-franc indemnity
Franco-Prussian War
[1870-1871]
German soldiers “abusing”
the French.
Franco-Prussian
War
[1870-1871]
Italian
Unification
1830
Failed Attempts at
Independence
Metternich sent troops
to crush Revolutions in 3
Italian States
Italian Nationalist Leaders
Count Cavour
[The “Head”]
Giuseppi
Garibaldi
[The “Sword”]
King Victor
Emmanuel II
Giuseppi
Mazzini
[The “Heart”]
Sardinia-Piedmont:
The “Magnet”
Italian
unification:
Risorgimento
[“Resurgence”]
1848 - Revolutions
 Guiseppe Mazinni
 Risorgimento (Resurgence)
 Young Italy
 2 lessons from the failures
 Need foreign help
 Rely on Piedmont for leadership
1849 – 1878
Victor Emanuel Savoy
King of Piedmont
Provided the
leadership needed
1852
fCount Cavour in named Prime
Minister of Piedmont
fEconomic Expansion
fBuilt roads, canals, &
railroads
fExpanded credit
fStimulated investment in
new Industries
1858 – Agreement with
Napoleon III
In Compensation France would
get:
Piedmont’s provinces of Nice
and Savoy
A Kingdom of Central Italy
would be created for Napoleon
III’s cousin Prince Napoleon
1859 – The Austrian War
To make it “justifiable” –
Piedmont provoked Austria
July II, 1859 – France made
Peace w/ Austria
Thought war would be too
long and costly
Prussia had mobilized
1860 - Pebiscites
Nationalists had
taken control in some
Northern Italian States
Plebiscites agreed to
join Piedmont
1860 - Girabaldi
Italian Patriot
Revolt had broken in the
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
1,000 Red Shirts landed in
Sicily on May 11, 1860
By July 1860 Sicily was
under Control
Step #6: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unites
with Cavour
Step #5: Austro-Prussian War,
1866
Austria loses
control of
Venetia.
Venetia is
annexed to
Italy.
1860 – Kingdom of Italy
Garibaldi yielded to Cavour
Austria-Hungary
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Emperor Francis Joseph, 1848-1918
Government abolished most internal
customs barriers, freed trade with
Germany and sold off most of the stateowned railway system
German language was used by the
administration
City of Vienna underwent extensive
rebuilding
Austria-Hungary
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Reichsrat- a more modern parliament, dominated
by liberals
Hungarian Magyars demanded home rule and the
emperor was forced to accept a “dual monarchy”
After 1867, the Hungarians mostly ruled
themselves
Hungarian demands strengthened those of the
other nationalities in the empire for the same
privileges
The Russian Colossus

Three pillars of Russian Absolutism
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Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationalism
Crimean War Russia loses
Reforms of Alexander the II
Russia
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The Russian economy stagnated in
comparison with the west
1861- Emancipation of 22 million
privately owned serfs and 25 million
state-owned peasants a few years later
Regional self-governing councils called
zemstvos were established in 1864, to
promote local government
Russia
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Mir- communities of former serfs received
grants of land and had the power to allocate
this land among individuals and to direct
economic activity
Peasants were forced to redeem the land
through long-term loans to the government,
which in turn compensated the landowners
The landowners received the best land after
emancipation
Russia
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Judicial reform gave all Russians,
even former serfs, access to modern
civil courts
Military reform in 1874 ended the
25 year conscription
A six-year term made the army
more competitive with western
Europe
RUSSIA IN THE MONARCHY
The Last of the Romanovs to rule
Russia
-Determined to keep autocratic
government
-felt the Alexander II, and his
reforms were to blame
-- wanted to hold down reforms
--keep a hold of monarchy
-Romanovs rule for 300 years
1905 REVOLUTION
January 1905 striking workers march for
better working conditions Right to strike and
other moderate demands.
-led by Orthodox Priest Gapon
-- Marched to Winter Palace singing God
Save the Tsar
-- After the assembly starts loyal tsarist
troops open fire and kill over 1,000
marchers
-- Riots and Strikes by workers sweep the
city
-- peasants roam the countryside looting
and burning the homes of nobles
BLOODY SUNDAY 1905