Transcript Mid-19th Century Politics

Mid-19th Century Politics
Reform Movements
I. Utilitarianism
A.
B.
Popularized by Jeremy Bentham
Sought to create codes of scientific law
founded on the principle of utility, the
greatest happiness for the greatest
number
II. Luddites
A. Skilled craftsmen
who attacked the
machines that they
believed threatened
their livelihoods
III. Chartism
A. Based in England
B. Demanded universal male suffrage,
payment for members of Parliament, and
annual sessions of Parliament
C. Helped develop a working-class
consciousness in millions of English
IV. Utopian Socialism
A. Opposed private property and
competition and emphasized community
B. Liberal attitudes toward women and
sexuality
C. Inspired by the French Revolution
D. Comte de Saint-Simon (1760-1825)
1. Believed that society should be run by
experts standing above conflict
E. Charles Fourier (1772-1838)
1. Proposed small model communities
called phalansteries – based on
communal living of 1600 men, women,
and children
2. Each member performed a number of
tasks – no boredom
3. None produced
A Phalanx
F. Robert Owen (1771-1858)
1. New Lanark, Scotland – factory town
that was a healthy community
2. People developed pride in community,
productivity rose, profits increased
3. Widely popular
New Lanark
G. Louis Blanc (1813-1882)
1. Demanded the vote for the working
class
2. Believed that social problems could be
solved by government assistance
V. Anarchism
A. Rejected industry and government
VI. Marxism
A.
Karl Marx (18181883)
1. Son of a Jewish
lawyer who
converted to
Christianity
2. Atheist born in
Rhineland
B. Marxism was one of many competing socialist
ideas
1. Different because of claims to scientific
accuracy, rejection of reform, and call for
revolution
C. Partnership with Friedrich Engels
1. Engels (1820-1895) wrote The Condition of
the Working Class in England which
showed dark side of industrial life
2. Co-wrote The Communist Manifesto in 1848
D.
Combined French socialism, British economics, and
Hegelian view of human history
1. French socialism – Utopian socialism
2. Economics – based on capitalism of Adam Smith
and provided a scientific background
3. George Hegel and history –
a. Argued that thought develops from the clash of
thesis and antithesis into a new synthesis
b. History has a pattern and a purpose
c. Marx applied thesis and antithesis into
competing social groups
E. Communist Manifesto (1848)
1. Claimed that “the history of all
previously existing society is the
history of class struggles”
2. One class had always exploited the
other – now was a conflict between
the middle class (bourgeoisie) and the
modern working class (proletariat)
3.
4.
Rich proletariat got richer, while ever-poorer
proletariat grew in size and in class-consciousness
– proletariat was aided by bourgeoisie who had
gone over to them - the proletariat would conquer
the bourgeoisie in a violent revolution – set up a
dictatorship of the proletariat to operate the means
of production – this would lead to a propertyless
and classless society
“The proletarians have nothing to lose but their
chains. They have a world to win. WORKING
MEN OF ALL COUNTRIES, UNITE!”
Mid-19th Century Politics
1848
I. Background
A.
Revolutions based on liberalism and
nationalism
B. Brought on by romantic impulse,
economic crisis, and food shortages
C. Revolutions failed, but ended it ended
the Congress of Vienna and the Concert
of Europe
II. France
A. Louis Philippe (r. 1830-1848)
1. Conservative monarchist
B. February 1848
1. Common people rose up against him
and built barricades in streets
2. Abdicated the throne
Barricades in Paris
C. Second Republic
1. Universal manhood suffrage
2. Established a ten-hour workday for Paris
3. Conflict between two classes of
revolutionaries
a. Middle class opposed radical measures
b. Radicals committed to socialism
4. National workshops
a. A public works program that put
unemployed people to work
5.
April elections to National Assembly won by
moderates and conservatives
6. May – radical artisans overtook the Assembly until
put down by the National Guard
7. June Days – the government shut down national
workshops – led to violent uprising in the streets
called the June Days – 10,000 people dead or
injured
8. December – people elected Louis Napoleon
(Napoleon’s nephew) for stability and greatness
A. December 1851 – Napoleon seized power – became
Emperor Napoleon III in a plebiscite in 1852
Napoleon III
III.Austria
A. Vienna uprisings
1. Radical students inspired by Louis
Kossuth led disturbances
2. Metternich and the government fled
3. Remaining government feared
agitation in the countryside and freed
the serfs
4. Hungary emancipated its serfs
B. Hungary
1. Louis Kossuth – Hungarian nationalist
2. Magyars – Hungarian nobles – wanted
more independence from Vienna
3. Created an autonomous, unified and
centralized Hungarian nation within Austrian
Empire
4. Territory included Croats, Serbs, and
Romanians who resisted Magyarization
Louis Kossuth
C. Prague and Czech nationalism
1. Bohemians wanted to be autonomous
like Hungary
2. Encouraged pan-Slavism
3. Revolt in Prague shut down quickly
IV. Prussia
A. Liberals wanted to unite Germany
B. King Frederick William IV promised a liberal
constitution and to merge Prussia into a new
German state
C. Frankfurt Assembly
1. Met to put together a constitution for
German unification
2. Elected Frederick William to the be the king,
but he refused and asserted his rule by
divine right
Mid-19th Century Politics
The Age of Nation-States
I. The Crimean War
A.
B.
Russia wanted to take advantage of
crumbling Ottoman Empire and seize
some of its territory in decay
Russia in charge of Ottoman Empires
Orthodox Christians – France
responsible for Roman Catholics
C.
October 1853
1. Russia attacked Ottoman Empire because right to
protect Christians in Palestine given to French
D. March 1854
1. French and British declare war on Russia to protect
naval and commercial interests
2. Also to ensure Russia does not dominate Ottoman
Empire
E. Austria and Prussia stay out
F. Treaty of Paris (1856)
1. Russia lost land and influence
G. Significance
1. High death toll (250,000)
2. Florence Nightingale, British nurse, insisted
on strict sanitary conditions
a. Led to creation of nursing as a
profession of trained, middle-class
women
3. First war covered with news media
4. Effectively ended the Concert of Europe
Florence Nightingale
II. The Unification of Italy
A.
After Congress of Vienna most of Italy under
Austrian domination
B. Romantic nationalists
1. Carbonari (“charcoal burners) – secret
societies planning a revolution to create an
Italian nation
2. Risorgimento – resurgence
3. Giussepe Mazzini (1805-72)
a. Founded “Young Italy” whose goal was
the creation of a united Italian republic
Mazzini
C.
1848 insurrection
1. Rebellions began in papal states
2. King of Piedmont invaded Lombardy (controlled by
Austria) and lost – by
3. 1849 - Austria reestablished control of Italy, except
Piedmont
D. King Victor Emmanuel (1849-1878) of Piedmont
named Count Camillo di Cavour (1810-1861) his
prime minister
1. Cavour – wanted to unite Italy economically, not
romantically, and rejected republicanism
2. Shrewd politician (Machiavellian?)
E. Unification
1. 1858 – Cavour alliance with France
and Napoleon III – Piedmont would
acquire the states in Upper Italy and
France would receive Nice and Savoy
2. 1859 – Cavour provoked Austria to
invade Piedmont – French defeated
Austria, but made peace with Austria
without telling Piedmont
3. Giuseppe Garibaldi
a. Romantic nationalist
b. 1860 – Successfully led an army of
volunteer Red Shirts from Sicily and the
south
4. Conflict avoided
a. Did not invade Rome because protected
by France
b. Garibaldi yielded to Cavour instead of
provoking a civil war
Cavour and Garibaldi
F. March 1861 – new kingdom of Italy proclaimed
with a centralized government and led by King
Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont
1. Difficult to unite conquered people – used
‘transformismo’ to bribe government
supporters
G. 1866 - Venetia joined during the AustroPrussian war
H. 1870 – Rome joined when the French
withdrew because of the Franco-Prussian war
III. The Unification of Germany
A. Zollverein – German customs union
formed in 1834 to stimulate trade of its
member states
B. 1848 – Frankfurt Assembly failed to unite
Germany
1. Grossdeutsch – large Germany
including Austria
2. Kleindeutsch – smaller Germany
excluding Austria
C. Prussia
1. Separated between East and West Prussia
2. Ruled by strong a strong king with weak
Parliament
3. 1861 – King William I (1861-1888) takes
throne
a. Wanted to reform the army – double size,
compulsory military service – parliament
rejected proposal
b. 1862 – appointed Count Otto von
Bismarck Prime Minister
D.
Bismarck
1. Junker, aristocrat,
industrialist, brilliant
politician
2. Practiced Realpolitik
– practical,
pragmatic politics
3. Ignored parliament,
collected the taxes,
and improved the
army
E. Bismarck’s Wars
1. Ensured that Prussia would only be fighting
one power and that opponent would be
isolated diplomatically
2. Danish War (1864)
a. Denmark tried to take north German
territories, Schleswig and Holstein
b. Prussia joined with Austria and defeated
Denmark
c. Prussia took Schleswig, Austria took
Holstein
3. The Austro Prussian War / Seven Weeks
War (1866)
a. Bismarck ensured Russian neutrality,
promised Napoleon III territory in
Rhineland, and promised the new Italian
state Venetia if it defeated Austria
b. June 1866 – Prussia goaded Austria into
war and easily won
c. Austria lost only Venetia, but was
excluded from German affairs
4. North German Confederation
a. Prussia annexed territory in N.
Germany that supported Austria
b. Liberal appearance, but not reality
c. Many liberals preferred nationalism
5.
The Franco-Prussian War (1870-71)
a. Spanish throne was offered to Prince Leopold, a
distant relative of William I
b. France surrounded by Prussia - objected and
caused Leopold to withdraw his candidacy – he
did - French pushed King William I to promise
never to allow Leopold to be a candidate again
– King refused
c. Ems telegram – William sent Bismarck a
telegram about meeting - Bismarck edited it to
make it appear insulting to the French so that
they would declare war and he could unite
Germany
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
July 15, 1870 – French declared war on Prussia
States in southern Germany joined the Northern
Confederation because of military agreements
September 2, 1870 – Battle of Sedan – Prussia
won and Napoleon III was captured
January 28, 1871 – war ended – France gave
up the provinces of Alsace and Loraine
January 18, 1871 – William I was declared
Kaiser (or emperor) of the Second Germany
Empire
F. Conservatism triumphed over liberalism
G. Germany prepared to industrialize