Transcript Europe

Europe
Overthrow of the
Bourbons
(France)
Bourbons Lose Power
 1830-
Short, nearly bloodless
revolution
 Last Bourbon- Charles X
–Caused own demise- ignored
middle class liberals & Parisian
radicals
–Tried to rule as absolute
monarch
Revolutions Starts
 Charles
X eliminates few
powers held by Chamber of
Deputies
–Liberals & radicals riot
–Charles flees to GB
The New King
 Crown
offered to Charles’
cousin
–Sympathetic to liberal reform
–Louis Philippe ruled as “citizen
king” and shared power w/
Chamber of Deputies
–Ruled until 1848 revolutions
Revolutions of
1848
Why?
 Revolutions
in Europe
 Causes:
–Hunger
–Nationalism
 Marx-
peace
economics disturbed
Why Failure?
 Groups
can’t agree how to run
–Middle class & workers
 Conservative
monarchs
remove workers from
revolution (destroy coalition)
–Labor laws & social reform
 Middle
class no support
–Crushed
French
Revolution of
1848
Why Revolt?
 Only
country where:
– demand for democratic govt. =
main point for revolution
–Radicals force in revolution
 Late
1840’s- Louis Philippe
refuses demands of Chamber
of Deputies to be more
democratic
–People rise up, govt. falls
Replacement Govt.
 Temporary
govt. led by
Alphonse de Lamartine
–Romantic poet
 France
declared Republic
–Republic divided= falls apart
Divided Republic
 Lamartine-only
political reform
 Louis Blanc- political and
economic reform
–Govt. create jobs for unemployed
–“workshops”- shut down by
Lamartine
 Result:
Paris
bloody street battles in
More Problems
 Workers
opposed
–Liberals afraid social reform will
lead to loss of economic power
–Conservatives fear loss of land
–Both do NOT want to lose
economic power
–Change from French Revolution
Rule of Louis
Napoleon
Result of Violence
 Radicals’ violence=
France
becomes more moderate
liberal govt.
–1848 Constitution- Parliament
and Strong president elected by
people
–1848 election- Louis Napoleon
Bonaparte (nephew)- won
election
Support for Louis
resented Paris’
dominance in politics
 Peasants-
–Wanted peace and order
Louis Breaks Oath
 Vowed
to preserve democratic
republic and constitution
 Oath broken
–Dec. 1851- French Parliament
was dissolved
–Louis declares himself sole ruler
–Elections later in month confirm
decision (92%)
Louis Breaks Oath
 Napoleon’s
constitution
adopted
 Louis becomes Emperor
Napoleon III (rulers 20 yrs)
–Why did people accept this?
PEACE
–How did a conservative,
absolutist come to power in a
democratic election
Revolutions of
1848 in Eastern
Europe
Background

Working class radicals and
middle class realize Metternich
system not working
–Push for nation-states
 First
half of 1848- 50 revolts in
Europe
–Russia and GB only major
countries not affected
Austria- Hungary Hapsburgs
 Empire
too ethnically diverse
–Nationalism-problem made worse
 Vienna
uprising- led by
students for political power
–Metternich driven out
 Austrians
abolish serfdom
–Revolutionary spirit diminished
–Documents burned (Great Fear)
Austria- Hungary
 Magyars-
more culturally
diverse than Vienna
–Desire to eliminate Austrian rule
–Est. Hungarian nation-state
–Want to rule: Romanians,
Serbians, Croatians
Austria- Hungary
 Czechs
wanted own country
–Slovaks resisted
 Groups
wanting independence
–Czechs, Slovakians, Germans
–Germans look to Prussians
–Slavs look to Russians
 No
unity= revolt unsuccessful
Austria- Hungary
 Czech’s
future:
–Czechoslovakia formed after
WWI- political necessity
–Late 1980’s- country agreed to
divide (IRELAND?)
Reactions to 1848 Revolts
 Rulers
initially caught off guard
–Concessions granted to rebels
–Prussia’s King Frederick Wm IVelection of democratic parliament
and all-German parliament
–Hungary-temporary freedom from
Austria
• Austria seemed to be falling
apart
Reactions to 1848 Revolts
–Summer- Rebels in disagreement
What to do now?
 Rulers
had time to regain
power
–Pose counter-revolution with
armies
 1849
things back to 1848 status
–Forces of changed only
contained, independence
movements will emerge again
France- The
Third Republic
Third Republic
 Formed
after Franco-Prussian
War (by National Assembly)
 March 1871 Paris Commune
(radical govt.) took control of
Paris
–War w/ National AssemblyParisian workers v. assembly's
army
–May 1871- Commune defeated
Third Republic
 1875
Nat’l Assembly decided
on new govt.
–Third Republic- lasted 60 yrs.
–France still divided- many
political parties want power
–1871-1914- France averaged
change of govt. every 10 years
Unification of
Italy
Italy…A Nation?
 NO
 Two
Italies:
–North- Liberal
• Industrialized and more
wealthy
–South- Conservative
• Agricultural and poor
 Nationalism
of power
destroys balance
Italy…A Nation?
 1815
Congress of Vienna
–Italy divided
–Foreign control
–North- Austria ruled Venetia,
Lombardy, Tuscany, Modena,
Parma, Lucca
–South- Spain ruled Kingdom of
2 Sicilies
Unification
 Took
3:
–Mazzini
–Cavour
–Garibaldi
Mazzini
 Soul
of unification
 1848 revolts affected 8 Italian
states
–Mazzini headed Republican
govt. in Rome
–Carbonari- nationalist clubs
–Revolts failed- govt. restored
Cavour Unites Italy
 After
1848- Kingdom of
Sardinia looked to
–Only state ruled by Italian
dynasty
–Largest, most powerful state
–Had most liberal govt.
 1852
King Victor Emmanuel II
names Cavour PM
Cavour Unites Italy
 Nationalist
–Unification became goal
 Alliances
& diplomacy keys to
unification
–Mazzini afraid Cavour only
trying to increase Sardinia’s
power
The Crimean War
 1855
Piedmont joins war on
French side
–10,000 soldiers
 **Voice
at Paris conference
 Gained Napoleon III’s
sympathy
Alliance with Napoleon III
 Austria
biggest obstacle
(common enemy)
 1858 Cavour turns to
Napoleon III
–Napoleon concerned w/ Italyattempted assassination
–Napoleon had ideas to take Italy
–Help in exchange for border
regions (Nice & Savoy)
Cavour Provokes War
 Italian
nationalists stage
revolts in N. Italy
 Napoleon III did not expect
strong Italy
 France remained isolate
–Cavour had made alliance with
Great Powers
–Decides not to take over Italy
Garibaldi
 Sword
of Unification
 Used army of peasants
 Led Red Shirts (nationalist
group) in S. Italy
–Against Spanish
 Victorious
north
in Sicily- moves
Cavour Worried
 Garibaldi
thought of taking
Nice
–Nice had been given to
Napoleon
–Cavour afraid this would lead to
war with France (**disaster for
Italy)
–Victor Emmanuel II convinces
him to stop
Italy United
 March
1861 Italian parliament
declares Victor Emmanuel II
Italy’s king
Problems Remain
 Cavour
dies- no leadership
 1866 Venetia finally part of
Italy
 1871 Italy takes Papal States
 Rome becomes capital
 Rivalries
–North v. South
Problems Remain
 No
organized political parties
–PM and cabinet changed
 Economic
issues
–Peasant revolts
–Strikes, riots (north)
–Result: immigration
German
Unification
Failed Revolt of 1848
 Frankfurt
Assembly
–Fred WM. IV offered crown- “Not
accept crown from the gutter”
• Absolute monarch, only God
give throne
–Revolt falls apart
Background…
 1815
German Confederation
–Austria and Prussia dominated
–Austria considered natural
leader
–Most Austrians were nonGermans- wanted to break away
–Prussia more developed
industrially
Prussia
 Everything
to gain
 Population mainly German
 1834 Zollverian- German free
trade org, Austria excluded
 Industry and army most
powerful in C. Europe
Prussia
 Conservative
–Most adult men voted
–Parliament had little power
–King Wm I (Hohenzollern)almost unlimited power,
ministers wealthy landlords
–Mid class little political power
–1862 Wm I names Bismarck PM
Bismarck
 Goal:
make Prussia head of
United Germany
–Austria main rival
 Unite
Germany by “blood and
iron”
–Unification through war
The First Step
 Increase
Prussia’s power
 1864 war with Denmark
–Gain Schleswig & HolsteinGermans lived there
–**builds Prussian pride, respect
from other Germans
–Austrians fought with Prussia
Alliances
 Russia-
supported
suppression of Polish Revolt
 France- neutral in AustroPrussian conflict
 Italy- would give Venetia to
them in exchange for
attacking Austria
7 Weeks War
 1866
Bismarck provokes war
with Austria
 RRs – Prussian military moves
faster than Austrian
 Prussia uses superior training
and equipment
 Austria loses
7 Weeks War
 Austria
lost land to Prussia,
Venetia to Italy (fought with
Prussia)
 Austria forced out of German
Confederation
 Prussia controlled N. Germany
–1st time- East and West
Prussian Kingdoms joined
Problems Remain
 1867
Remaining N. German
states join Ger. Confederation
–Prussia dominates
 North
and South still not
divided
–N.- Protestant
–S.- Catholic (fear of domination)
Austria’s Fate
 Wanted
to rebuild but
nationalities they ruled were
unhappy
 1867- Dual monarchy est.
–Austria and Hungary 2
independent and equal states
–Common ruler, with own
Parliament
–United army
Franco-Prussian
War
Bismarck’s Plan
 Outside
threat bring S.
Germany in
–**France was outside threat
 Napoleon
III – Helped Cavour
–clumsy diplomacy
The Perfect Issue
 1868
Queen Isabella II (Spain)
overthrown
–Throne offered to Leopold of
Hohenzollern
• Cousin to Wm I of Prussia
–Napoleon III protested- afraid to
be surrounded by Hohenzollern
–Tension high although Leopold
turns down offer
Bismarck’s Scheme
 During
crisis- Fr. Ambassador
meets w/ Prussia King
 Bismarck circulates false
rumors to German newspapers
–** hoped to cause uproar- public
opinion demand war
War Starts
 June
19, 1870- France
declares war on Prussia
–Prussian armies pour into
France before France can
mobilize
 Sept.
1870- main French fort
surrounded
–4 months later French give in to
hunger
War Ends
 France
paid Prussia 5 billion
francs
 France gives up AlsaceLorraine (coal and iron)
 ***Final step in Unification
–Nationalism
 Jan.
18, 1871- Wm I of Prussia
crowned Kaiser (2nd Reich)
Balance of Power
Congress Breaks Down
 1815
Congress of Vienna lasts
40 years
 1853 Crimean War- GB &
France against Russia
–Why: competing interests in
Ottoman Empire
–Crimea (Black Sea peninsula)
–**Military weakness of Russia
exposed
Congress Breaks Down
 Italian
and German unification
 Balance of Power upset
–Chance of war increased
New Politics
 1815
Great Powers=GB, France,
Austria, Prussia, Russia
–Prussia now Germany
–Italy added
 1871
Equality of nations gone
–GB & Germany strongest
(economically, militarily)
–Austria, Russia, Italy- lagged
–France in middle
New Politics
 War-
industrialized,
nationalized
–France built citizen army
–End of 1800’s all industrialized
countries relied on citizen
armies
Compare the use of
realpolitik by
Cavour and
Bismarck
Realpolitik
 Focus
on practical concerns
 No role for ethics and ideals
 Political expediency is key
Directions
With
a partner
Divide paper in half
vertically
Develop a thesis after you
have the facts
Analyze how facts reflect
realpolitik
Cavour considerations…
Crimean
War
Diplomacy/Alliances
Bismarck considerations…
War
with
–Denmark
–Austria
–France