Transcript War and Peace

War and Peace - Introduction
American Cemetery – Colleville-Sur-Mer, Normandy, France
What does this photograph bring to mind for you?
What might your parents or grandparents think?
Introduction to War and Peace
What to do think?
Do you think 2015 is a time of war or of peace?
Why?
What is the most peaceful period in Modern World
History?
Answer the same question now that you’ve seen the
clip from www.salon.com
WAR THEORIES
Just War Theory
Before War (Jus ad bellum)
•Declare war
•No pre-emptive war (no surprise attacks)
During War (Jus in bello)
•Humane methods
•No attacking civilians
•Follow the ‘rules of war’
After War (Jus post bellum)
•Peaceful solution
•Fair treaty
WAR THEORIES
Pacifism-------------------Realism------------Just War Theory
Pacifism
• Avoid conflict at all costs
• No War!
• Seek a peaceful alternative to war
• (Quakers, Anabaptists, Buddhists, Hippies)
Realism
• Look at the reality of War
• “War is War”
• Whatever methods you want to use – GO FOR IT!
War and Peace
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Essential Questions:
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1. To what extent is war justifiable?
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2. To what extent do peace treaties and international charters resolve
conflict?
Categories of War
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1. Wars of Ideology
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2. Wars of Resources
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focuses on promoting an idea/belief ( ex. religion)
focuses on specific natural resources ( ex. land, oil, water access)
3. Wars of National Self Interest
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focused on a country’s position in the world
The Thirty Years War
(Ch 5 section 3)
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Post-Reformation Europe - 1618
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Ferdinand II (Future HRE) was a Catholic, foreign ruler of Bohemia
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He closed some Protestant Churches
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Protestants revolted and German princes supported them
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Conflict over religion, territory, and power
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The war had devastated Germany -> decreased population and
ruined economy (4,000,000 Germans killed – 2 centuries for
economy to recover)
Peace of Westphalia (1648)
(Ch 5 section 3)
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1. Weakened the Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria
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2. Strengthened France by giving it German territory
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3. German princes independent of HRE - broke apart German unity
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4. Ended religious wars in Europe
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5. Introduced peace negotiation - all participants meet, settle
the problems of war, and decided on the terms.
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First time Europe recognizes independent negotiating states.
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Peace lasts almost 100 years – until Prussia invades Austria in
1740
Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815)
(Ch 7 section 4)
The Purpose
• After Napoleon’s defeat in 1815,
European heads of state wanted to
establish collective security and
stability
Who was there?
• 5 Great Powers Prussia, Russia, Austria,
Great Britain, and France
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Most Influential= Klemens
von Metternich- foreign
minister of Austria
Goals of Congress of Vienna
(Ch 7 section 5)
• 1. Containment of France: Prevent future
French aggression by strengthening countries
surrounding France
• 2. Balance of Power: Restore a balance of
power so that no country would be a threat to
others - weaken France but not severely punish
it - bring it back to pre-Napoleon status
• 3. Legitimacy: Restore Europe’s royal families
from pre-Napoleon conquests
Lasting Peace?
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Holy Alliance and Concert of Europe = series of
agreements between different European nations that
assured support in the event of a revolution (In
response to French Revolution and spreading ideas of
democracy).
Use of diplomacy and alliances between nations to
maintain peace
Peace was eventually broken with increasing
nationalism and the imperialism - Crimean War - 1853
but no multi-national large scale war until World
War 1
Nationalism in the 1800s
What is the role of the Nation State?
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1. Defends the nation’s territory and way of life
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2. Represents the nation to the rest of the world
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3. Embodies the people and its ideals
Growth of Nationalism
(Ch 8 section 3)
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Bonds that create a Nation-State For each of these
think of examples - follow my lead for the first one
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1. Nationality - French vs. British
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2. Common Language
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3. Culture
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4. History
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5. Religion
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6. Territory
Why now?
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Old order kingdoms began to be pulled apart
by the variety of ethnic groups within large
kingdoms
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Empires that began to weaken or crumbled:
Austro- Hungarian, Russian, Ottoman
How can the growth of
Nationalism be both unifying
and dividing ?
Countries that Unified
(Ch 8 section 3)
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1. Italy - Unified in 1870-1
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Italy was split into multiple areas ruled by different
European powers
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Cavour, the prime minister under the King of
Sardinia used a series of alliances, diplomacy and
the help of southern military leader Garibaldi
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Continued conflict due to disagreements between
northerners and southerners, disorganized political
parties, and a poor economy
Countries that Unified
(Ch 8 section 3)
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2. Germany - Unification completed 1871
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In 1815, a loose grouping of 39 states formed the German
Confederation - two largest were Austro-Hungarian Empire and
Prussia
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Prussia becomes leading nationalistic state because of German
heritage, industrialization, and strong army
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Otto Von Bismarck was prime minister under Wilhelm I in 1861 in
Prussia (eastern area of what is now Germany)
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Developed concept of Realpolitik - tough power politics
German Unification
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Through a series of careful alliances and wars (Seven Weeks War
and Franco Prussian War) with neighboring areas(Austria and
France)
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January 18, 1871 - Wilhelm I becomes Kaiser Wilhelm or emperor
of new Germany (Prussia became Germany at this point)
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In 1871 - Germany and Great Britain are two strongest European
powers