Transcript Congress of Vienna

The Road to WW I


Nations want peace after 1815
Belief that restoring old order would bring stability
 Great
Britain
 Austria
 Prussia
 Russia
 France
 Prevent

future French aggression
Made few serious demands on France so not to
instigate revenge
 Maintain
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All Great Powers were to be of equal strength
through treaties and agreements
 Restore

peace through balance of power
old Monarchs: Democracy a threat
But French & American Revolution still admired
 Result
of French Revolution & resistance to
Napoleon’s invasions
 Italy & Germany try to unify in 1848
 Stopped by Great Powers who fear them
 By
mid-1800’s, impact of Industrial
revolution led to demands for democracy
throughout Western Europe
 Scientific
Farming
 Increased Population
 Abundant Natural Resources
 Geographic Location
 Strong Banking System
 Political Stability
 New

Inventions
Machines
 Factories
 Improved

Transportation
(steam engine- R.R.)
 Increasing

Move to Cities
 Karl

Population
Marx
Communism
 Government

Reforms
(protective laws & unions)
 Capitalism
 Communism
 Socialism
 Example:
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USA
Laissez-faire
Individual choice/ freedom of choice
Individuals run the business
Economic Classes: Rich and poor and middle-class
Competition makes goods better and cheaper
Government: Democracy
 Government
& Economy of the people
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Everyone agrees to share economy
Everyone is equal in terms of money
Each person will receive money according to how
much they need
No competition
Social Classes: NONE
Government: Should be democracy, but dictator
never stepped down
 In
history, the dictator had NEVER stepped
down!
 Problem with Marx’s theory, he didn’t take in
to account the nature of man
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Government controlled Economy
Government controls all business decisions
No competition
Economic Classes: Rich government and Poor
citizens (proletariat)
Government: Dictator
 Karl
Marx said Industrialization would lead to
a two-class system: Bourgeoisie & Proletariat
 Civil War would occur between rich & poor
 Poor would win
 Dictator would take power just long enough
to set-up socialist society
 Dictator would step down
 Reality:

Communism not Socialism
 Italian
& German Unification
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Common culture, history, traditions, language
(though diff. dialects)
Common Religion: Roman Catholic
Dislike for Austria who prevented earlier attempt
to unite
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Opposition by state rulers who were backed by
Austria, so wanted Austria to remain powerful
Pope feared losing power over Papal States
Disagreement over type of government once
united: democratic republic (favored by
Mazzini), constitutional monarchy (favored by
Cavour), confederation under Pope
Foreign Opposition:


Austria would lose territory and influence
France feared a powerful neighbor
Austro-Sardinian Wars (1859): Napoleon III
helped b/c of promise of Nice and Savoy, and
Sardinia got Lombardy
 Conquest of 2 Sicilies by Garibaldi (1861):
Kingdom of Italy declared, but Rome not
capital because in hands of Pope & protected
by French troops
 Austro-Prussian War (1866): Italy allied with
Prussia and gained Venetia
 Franco-Prussian War (1870-71): French troops
removed from Italy to fight Germany, Rome
now capital
 World War I (1914-18): Italy claimed rest of
land still under Austrian rule.
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 The
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Led first unification effort in 1848, inspiration of
the people
 The
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Sword: Garibaldi
Led the “Red Shirts” from Sardinia to conquer
the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies on to Lombardy
 The
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Soul: Mazzini
Brain: Cavour
Prime Minister to King Victor Emmanuel II of
Sardinia
He believes nationalism can only happen through
smart diplomacy and well-chosen alliances
 1871–
Italy is Unified!
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German plan for government that meant:
Calculating politics in which idealism played no
part.
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Often pejoratively referred to amoral, coercive,
or Machiavellian politics.
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Common language, history, culture, traditions
Industrial Revolution: Roads, railroads, growing
trade united German states
Zollverein– customs union, NO tariffs within
German Confederation EXCEPT Austria
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Opposition by state rulers who feared losing
power
Religion: Protestant North, Catholic South
Jealousy & fear of Prussia; largest state
Rivalry between Austria and Prussia over control
of smaller German states
Opposition from France who feared a powerful
bordering neighbor
 Bismarck
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wanted Germany united!
Blood = War
Iron = Industrialization
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V. Denmark (1864)
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Austro-Prussian War (1866)
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for prestige and territory; Schleswig- Holstein
Germans defeated Austria, and were very
lenient in treaty, to keep Austria as ally in
future war with France.
Franco-Prussian War (1870-71)

Only a war against a foreign enemy could unite
Protestant North with Catholic South. Germany
humiliates France and takes Alsace & Lorraine
(France’s richest coal & iron deposits)
 The

King of Prussia, largest, wealthiest, industrialized
state in un-unified Germany
 The
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Sword: von Moltke
General who led all 3 wars of German Unfication
 The
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Soul: Kaiser Wilhelm I
Brain: Bismarck
Prime Minister to Kaiser Wilhelm I
Believed in Realpolitik
“Blood & Iron”
 1871–
Italy is Unified!
 Germany
is unified in 1871!
 Quickly
surpasses Britain as most
industrialized nation in Europe (2nd to only
U.S.A.)
 France
& Germany HATE each other!!
 The
Policy of Extending the rule or authority
of one nation over foreign countries for the
purpose of acquiring of colonies
 Cause: Industrial Revolution and the need for
raw materials and cheap labor
 Largest
in the world: ¼ of world’s land and
people controlled by Britain
 U.S.
and Germany industrialized and
between 1870 and 1900 caused G.B.
Production to drop from 1/3 of world’s total
to 1/5.
 Countries now charging tariffs on British
goods to protect their own Industrialization.
 Raw Materials on British Isles were depleting.
Other countries begin to recognize both the
economic gain of colonies as well as national
pride.
 France becomes 2nd largest empire.
 Dutch, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Italy, and
Germany all expand in Africa
 Austria-Hungary moves into Balkans (major cause
of WWI)
 Even U.S. gets involved (Cuba, Philipines, Puerto
Rico, Guam)
 Hope that where business goes, the flag will
follow

 Countries
took great PRIDE in colonies, even
more important than economic gain
 Europeans believed they were superior and
had a duty to spread their technology.
 Racism became a strong element at this time
 In
1875, less than 10% of Africa controlled by
Europeans
 In 1900, over 90%
 Indian
tax payers paid for all technological
improvements
 Indian workers did hard labor jobs
 Resented signs “For Europeans Only”
 Prevented from getting top jobs and the few
mid-level jobs they could get they received
as much as 20 times less than their British
counter-part
 China
was self-sufficient with 300 million
people, more than all of Europe.
 Britain wanted to trade but China was not
interested– didn’t need it
 So, Britain introduced a highly addictive drug
into China and it led to the manipulation of
China by the British
 Unfair

treaties with British
Opium Wars
 Unfair
treaties with other Western nations
 West tries to help but China just wants them
gone
 Refusing help weakens them more
 Open door policy ends colonization but puts
China at constant mercy of outsiders

Copy the Best of the West
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Japanese economy grew to modern Industrialized
economy within 30 years
Railroads built throughout country
Coal production increased by over 21 times
Many factories built
Very little $ borrowed by U.S. and Europe to maintain
independence
Japan copied BEST MILITARIES of the West
German Army
British Navy
So strong could defeat Russia (Russo-Japanese War-1904)
Able to renegotiate unfair treaties made with U.S in
1850’s
Began own imperial dominance
 Each
European country & Japan want to be
an Empire
 France
insists it will take back Alsace &
Lorraine and make Germany pay
 SIX
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Great Powers (not just 5)
Germany & Great Britain– very strong
France– mildly strong
Russia & Austria-- weak