Transcript chapter 24 - Lyndhurst Schools

CHAPTER 24
SECTION 1
LATIN AMERICAN PEOPLES WIN
INDEPENDENCE
BIG IDEA
• AMERICAN REVOLUTION, FRENCH
REVOLUTION & ENLIGHTENMENT CHANGED
IDEAS ABOUT WHO SHOULD CONTROL
GOVERNMENT. LATIN AMERICA RESENTED
THE DOMINATION OF EUROPEAN COLONIAL
POWERS. TIME IS RIGHT TO GAIN CONTROL
OF THE LAND
REVOLUTION IN HAITI
• HAITI
• FRENCH COLONY
CALLED SAINT
DOMINGUE WAS FIRST
LATIN AMERICAN
TERRITORY TO FREE
ITSELF FROM
EUROPEAN RULE
• SLAVES
• 500,000 AFRICANS;
WORKED ON
PLANTATIONS
• TOUSSAINT
L’OUVERTURE
• EX-SLAVE WHO LED
REVOLT IN 1791; VERY
SKILLED AT FINDING
OPENINGS IN ENEMY
LINES; TOOK 2/3 OF
EASTERN HISPANIOLA &
FREED THE SLAVES
• FRANCE’S RESPONSE
• SEND 16,000 TROOPS
TO STOP UPRISING;
TOUSSAINT AGREED TO
STOP REVOLUTION IF
SLAVERY WAS ENDED;
ACCUSED OF PLANNING
ANOTHER UPRISING HE
WAS ARRESTED & SENT
TO PRISON IN FRENCH
ALPS AND DIED 10
MONTHS LATER IN 1803
• JEAN-JACQUES
DESSALINES
• TOUSSAINT’S GENERAL;
TOOK UP THE FIGHT
FOR FREEDOM; IN
1804, DECLARED THE
COLONY INDEPENDENT
COUNTRY; FIRST BLACK
COUNTRY TO FREE
ITSELF FROM
EUROPEAN CONTROL;
CALLED HAITI
“MOUNTAINOUS LAND”
LATIN AMERICA SWEEPS TO FREEDOM
• PENINSULARES
• TOP OF SPANISH
AMERICAN SOCIETY;
MEN WHO WERE BORN
IN SPAIN; ONLY GROUP
WHO CAN HOLD HIGH
OFFICE IN SPANISH
COLONIAL
GOVERNMENT;
• WHY?
• CREOLES
• SPANIARDS BORN IN
LATIN AMERICA; COULD
NOT HOLD HIGH LEVEL
POLITICAL OFFICE;
COULD RISE IN ARMY
RANK; BEST EDUCATED
• MESTIZOS
• PERSON MIXED OF
EUROPEAN & INDIAN
ANCESTRY
• MULATTOS
• PERSON OF MIXED
EUROPEAN & AFRICAN
ANCESTRY
• AFRICANS
• ONE STEP FROM
BOTTOM
• INDIANS
• AT THE BOTTOM OF THE
SOCIAL LADDER; LITTLE
ECONOMIC VALUE
• NAPOLEON’S CONQUEST
• FRENCH KING CONQUERS
SPAIN IN 1808; REVOLTS
BREAK OUT IN SPANISH
COLONIES; NAMED HIS
BROTHER JOSEPH KING
OF SPAIN;
• WHY WASN’T SPAIN
LOYAL TO THE NEW
KING?
• REBELLION
• BRAKES OUT IN 1810 &
NAPOLEON DEFEATED IN
1814
THE LIBERTADORES END SPANISH RULE
• SIMON BOLIVAR
• ONE OF TWO BRILLIANT
GENERALS THAT LED
SOUTH AMERICA TO
INDEPENDENCE. WAS
CALLED THE
LIBERTADOR, WHICH
MEANS LIBERATOR.
WAS ROMANTIC &
PRACTICAL, A WRITER &
A FIGHTER
• NATIVE OF VENEZUELA
• SURPRISED & DEFEATED
THE SPANISH ARMY IN
BOGOTA IN 1819.
• 1821 WON VENEZUELA
INDEPENDENCE
• MET UP WITH JOSE DE
SAN MARTIN IN
ECUADOR
• JOSE DE SAN MARTIN
• OTHER GREAT
LIBERATOR; SIMPLE &
MODEST MAN; STRICT
MILITARY DISCIPLINE
BUT ALSO SHOWED
CONCERN FOR WELL
BEING OF HIS TROOPS
• NATIVE OF ARGENTINA
DECLARED
INDEPENDENT IN 1816
• SPAIN STILL
CONTROLLED CHILE &
PERU
• FREED CHILE IN 1817
• SAN MARTIN &
BOLIVAR JOIN AND
DEFEAT SPANISH ARMY
IN PERU IN 1824
• VENEZUELA,
COLOMBIA, PANAMA,
ECUADOR WERE ALL
UNITED COUNTRY AND
CALLED GRAN
COLOMBIA
MEXICO ENDS SPANISH RULE
• ETHNIC & RACIAL
GROUPS
• MIXED MORE FREELY IN
MEXICO THAN OTHER
LATIN AMERICAN
COUNTRIES
• INDIANS & MESTIZOS
• PLAYED THE LEADING
ROLE IN THE
REVOLUTION
• MIGUEL HIDALGO
• PRIEST IN SMALL
VILLAGE OF DOLORES,
POOR BUT EDUCATED,
CALLED FOR REBELLION
IN 1810. ARMY OF
80,000 EVENTUALLY
DEFEATED IN 1811
• JOSE MARIA MORELOS
• REBELS FOLLOWED
MORELOS FOR 4 YEARS
AFTER HIDALGO BUT
EVENTUALLY DEFEATED IN
1815.
• MEXICO’S
INDEPENDENCE
• IN 1820 A LIBERAL GROUP
IN SPAIN TOOK POWER.
MEXICO’S CREOLES
FEARED LOSS OF
PRIVELEGES &
SUPPORTED
INDEPENDENCE.
AGUSTIN DE ITURBIDE
PROCLAIMED
INDEPENDENCE IN 1821.
• ITURBIDE
• DECLARED HIMSELF
EMPEROR BUT
REFUSED TO
RECOGNIZE THE
DECLARATION OF
INDEPENDENCE
• WHY?
• OVERTHROWN IN 1823
& CENTRAL AMERICA
DECLARED
INDEPENDENCE FROM
MEXICO
BRAZIL’S ROYAL LIBERATOR
• NO VIOLENCE OR BLOODSHED FOR
INDEPENDENCE FROM PORTUGAL
• PORTUGESE RAN THEIR EMPIRE FROM BRAZIL
FOR 6 YEARS BEFORE RETURNING HOME
• DOM PEDRO SON OF KING JOHN REMAIN IN
BRAZIL
• 8,000 BRAZILIANS SIGNED A PETITION ASKING
FOR INDEPENDENCE
• PEDRO AGREES IN ON SEPTEMBER 7, 1822 &
DECLARES BRAZIL INDEPENDENT
SECTION 2
EUROPE FACES REVOLUTIONS
BIG IDEA
• AS REVOLUTIONS SHOOK THE COLONIES IN
LATIN AMERICA, EUROPE WAS ALSO
UNDERGOING DRAMATIC CHANGES AND
REVOLUTIONS ERUPTED ACROSS EUROPE
BETWEEN 1815 AND 1848.
CLASH OF PHILOSOPHIES
• CONSERVATIVE
• LIBERAL
• WEALTHY PROPERTY
OWNERS; PROTECT
TRADITIONAL
MONARCHIES
• MIDDLE CLASS BUSINESS
LEADERS & MERCHANTS;
GIVE MORE POWER TO
ELECTED PARLIAMENTS
BUT ONLY EDUCATED &
LANDOWNERS VOTE
• RADICAL
• FAVORED DRASTIC
CHANGE TO EXTEND
DEMOCRACY TO ALL;
SAME IDEALS AS
FRENCH REVOLUTION,
LIBERTY, EQUALITY, AND
BROTHERHOOD
NATIONLISM DEVELOPS
• NATIONALISM
• BELIEF THAT PEOPLE’S
GREATEST LOYALTY
SHOULD BE TO THE
NATIONS PEOPLE WHO
SHARE COMMON
CULTURE & HISTORY.
• NATION-STATE
• LIBERALS & RADICALS
• WHEN A NATION HAD IT’S
OWN INDEPENDENT
GOVERNMENT, DEFENDS
THE NATION’S TERRITORY
& WAY OF LIFE.
• WERE THE GROUP OF
PEOPLE WHO BELIEVED
IN NATIONALISM; MIDDLE
CLASS TEACHERS,
LAWYERS, & BUSINESS
PEOPLE LED STRUGGLE
FOR CONSTITUTIONAL
GOVERNMENT &
FORMATION OF NATION
STATES
NATIONALISTS CHALLENGE
CONSERVATIVE POWER
• GREEKS
• FIRST PEOPLE TO WIN
SELF-RULING DURING
THIS PEORIOD;
REBELLED AGAINST
OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN
1821
• REVOLUTIONS BRAKE
OUT
• ITALY, BELGIAN,
POLAND.
• THE BALKANS
• OTTOMAN EMPIRE
CONTROLLED GREECE,
ALBANIA, BULGARIA,
ROMANIA, TURKEY &
YUGOSLAVIA
• SUPPORT GROWS
• BRITAIN, FRANCE, &
RUSSIAN FLEET
DESTROY OTTOMAN
FLEET AND SIGN TREATY
MAKING GREECE
INDEPENDENT
KINGDOM IN 1830
• CONSERVATIVES
REGAIN THEIR POWER
• BY 1848
REVOLUTIONARIES
FAILED TO UNITE
THEMSELVES OR THEIR
NATIONS.
CONSERVATISM ONCE
AGAIN CONTROLLED
MOST GOVERNMENTS
IN 1849.
RADICALS CHANGE FRANCE
• RADICALS IN FRANCE
• 1830, KING CHARLES X
TRIES TO RETURN
FRANCE TO ABSOLUTE
MONARCHY, RIOTS
BROKE OUT & CHARLES
FLEES TO GREAT
BRITAIN; REPLACED BY
LOUIS-PHILIPPE WHO
SUPPORTED LEBERAL
REFORMS
• THE THIRD REPUBLIC
• LOUIS-PHILLIPPE FELL
FROM POPULAR FAVOR
IN 1848, PARIS MOB
OVERTURNED A
MONARCH AND
ESTABLISHED A
REPUBLIC. REPUBLIC
BEGAN TO FALL APART
IMMEDIATLEY
• RADICALS SPLIT
• ONE SIDE ONLY WANTED
POLITCAL REFORM
• OTHER GROUP WANTED
SOCIAL & ECONOMIC
REFORM
• VIOLENE ERRUPTED
• LATER IN 1848, A
MODERATE
CONSTITUTION WAS
DRAWN UP AND CALLED
FOR PARLIAMENENT &
PRESIDENT TO BE
ELECTED BY THE PEOPLE
• LOUIS-NAPOLEON
• DECEMBER 1848, WON
PRESIDENT ELECTION.
FOUR YEARS LATER
BECAME EMPEROR &
WAS ACCEPTED BY
PEOPLE.
• BUILT RAILROADS,
ENCOURAGED
INDUSTRIALIZATION,
PROMOTED PUBLIC
WORKS PROGRAM.
• UNEMPLOYMENT
DECREASED & COUNTRY
EXPERIENCED REAL
PROSPERITY
REFORM IN RUSSIA
• DIDN’T LEAP INTO MODERN INDUSTRIALIZED
WORLD
• MANY PEOPLE BELIEVED IT WAS TIME TO END
SERFDOM, IT WAS MORALLY WRONG & HELD
BACK ECONOMY
• CZARS RELUCTANT BECAUSE FREEING SERFS
MEANT THEY WOULD LOSE SUPPORT FROM
LANDOWNERS AND EVENTUALLY LOSE POWER
• ALEXANDER II
•
1ST
REFORM
• CZAR WHO BELIEVED IT
WAS TIME TO MODERNIZE
RUSSIA AND CATCH UP
WITH WESTERN EUROPE.
• FREEING THE SERFS IN 1861
ONLY WENT HALFWAY.
PEASANT COMMUNITIES
RATHER THAN INDIVIDUALS
RECEIVED ABOUT HALF OF
FARMLAND. GOVERNMENT
PAID NOBLES FOR THEIR
LAND. PEASANTS HAD 49
YEARS TO PAY THE
GOVERNMENT BACK.
• ASSASSINATED
• BEFORE POLITICAL AND
SOCIAL REFORMS REALLY
TOOK SHAPE, ALEXANDER
WAS ASSASSINATED IN
1881.
• ALEXANDER III
• TIGHTENED CZARIST
CONTROL; ENCOURAGED
INDUSTRIAL
DEVELOPMENT.
NATIONALISM WAS A
DRIVING FORCE BEHIND
INDUSTRIAL
DEVELOPMENT
SECTION 3
NATIONALISM
CASE STUDY: ITALY & GERMANY
BIG IDEA
• NATIONALISM WAS THE MOST POWERFUL
IDEA OF THE 1800’S. IT SHAPED NEW
COUNTRIES AND SPLIT UP OLD ONES. IT FED
THE DESIRE OF MOST GROUPS FREE OF THE
RULE OF EMPIRES AND GOVERN THEMSELVES
IN THEIR TRADITIONAL LANDS.
NATIONALISM: A FORCE FOR UNITY OR
DISUNITY
NATIONALISM SHAKES AGING
EMPIRES
• AUSTRIAN EMPIRE
• IN 1866, EMPEROR
FRANCIS JOSEPH SPLIT
AUSTRIA INTO TWO
HALFS AND HE RULED
BOTH
• NATIONALIST DISPUTES
WEAKENED IF FOR 40
YEARS
• WWI AUSTRIA HUNGARY
BROKE INTO SEVERAL
SEPARATE NATION-STATES
• RUSSIAN EMPIRE
CRUMBLES
• NATIONALIST BROKE UP
370 YEARS OF CZAR
CONTROL
• CZAR ALSO RULED
OVER UKRAINIANS,
POLES, LLITHUANIANS,
LATVIANS, ESTONIANS,
FINNS, JEWS,
ROMANIANS,
GEORGIANS,
ARMENIANS, TURKS &
OTHERS
• RUSSIFICATION
• ROMANOV DYNASTY
FORCED RUSSIAN
CULTURE ON ALL THE
ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE
EMPIRE.
• THIS ACTUALLY
STRENGTHENED ETHNIC
NATIONALIST FEELING &
HELPED TO DISUNIFY
RUSSIA
• WWI & COMMUNIST
REVOLUTION TOOK
STRANGLEHOLD AND
LAST ROMANOV CZAR
GAVE UP POWER IN 1917
• OTTOMAN EMPIRE
WEAKENS
• TURKS RULED THE
OTTOMAN EMPRIRE AND
CONTROLLED GREEKS,
SLAVS, ARABS,
BULGARIANS, &
ARMENIANS.
• OTTOMANS GRANTED
EQUAL CITIZENSHIP TO
ALL PEOPLE AFTER
RECEIVING PRESSURE
FROM BRITISH AND
FRENCH
• CONSERVATIVES WERE
ANGERED BY THIS AND
EMPIRE SPLIT UP
SHORTLY AFTER WWI
CASE STUDY: ITALY
• ITALIAN NATIONALISTS
LOOKED FOR
LEADERSHIP FROM
KINGDOM OF
PIEDMONT-SARDINIA
• CAMILLO DI CAVOUR
• NAMED PRIME
MINISTER
• FRENCH EMPEROR
NAPOLEON III AGREED
TO HELP DRIVE AUSTRIA
OUT OF NORTHERN
ITALY
• IN 1858, FRENCH &
SARDINIAN ARMY WON
TWO QUICK VICTORIES
AND TAKING
NORTHERN ITALY,
EXCEPT VENETIA.
• GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI
• IN 1860, LED SMALL
ITALIAN NATIONALIST IN
SOUTH AND CAPTURED
SICILY.
• KNOWN AS RED SHIRTS
CAUSE HE ALWAYS WORE
A BRIGHT RED SHIRT
ALONG WITH HIS
FOLLOWERS.
• UNITED SOUTHERN
AREAS WITH KINGDOM
OF PIEDMONT-SARDINIA
& WAS RULED BY KING
VICTOR EMMANUEL II
• IN 1866 AUSTRIAN PROVINCE OF VENETIA,
WHICH INCLUDED CITY OF VENICE BECAME
PART OF ITALY
• 1870, TOOK LAST PART OF TERRITORY KNOWN
AS THE PAPAL STATES.
• CITY OF ROME CAME UNDER ITALIAN
CONTROL AND EVENTUALLY BECAME CAPITAL
OF THE UNITED KINGDOME OF ITALY.
CASE STUDY: GERMANY
• PRUSSIA LEADS
GERMAN UNIFICATION
• MAINLY GERMAN
POPULATION
• NATIONALISM UNIFIED
• BERLIN RIOTERS
FORCED
CONSTITUTIONAL
CONVENTION TO WRITE
UP A LIBERAL
CONSTITUTION
HELPING PAVE THE WAY
OF UNIFICATION.
• WILHELM
• 1861 WILHELM I
SUCCEEDED FREDERICK
WILLIAM TO THE THRONE
• DID NOT RECEIVE MONEY
FOR REFORM FROM
LIBERAL PARLIAMENT
• JUNKERS
• SUPPORTED WILHELM,
STRONG CONSERVATIVE
MEMBERS OF PRUSSIA’S
WEALTHY LANDOWNING
CLASS.
• OTTO VON BISMARK
• CHOSEN AS WILHELM’S
PRIME MINISTER.
• MASTER OF REALPOLITIKMEANS POLITICS OF
REALITY
• WOULD RULE WITHOUTH
CONSENT FROM
PARLIAMENT OR LEGAL
BUDGET.
• VIOLATED CONSTITUTION
• PARLIAMENT &
CONSTITUTION WOULD
GROW WEAKER WHILE
KING & PRIME MINISTER
WOULD GROW
STRONGER
• PRUSSIA EXPANDS
• SEVEN WEEKS WAR
• 1864, PRUSSIA & AUSTRIA
FORM ALLIANCE AND
DEFECAT DENMARK AND
GAIN NEIGHBORING
PROVINCES
• CONFLICT WITH AUSTRIA
& PRUSSIA OVER
TERRITORY. PRUSSIA
DESTROYS AUSTRIA
GAINING MORE POWER &
TERRITORTY
• FRANCO-PRUSSIAN
WAR
• KAISER (EMPEROR)
• FINAL STAGE IN
GERMAN UNIFICATION
& ACCEPTED PRUSSIAN
LEADERSHIP.
• KING WILHELM I OF
PRUSSIA IS CROWNED
IN 1871 IN VERSAILLES,
FRANCE.
SHIFT IN POWER
• IN 1815- FIVE GREAT POWERS IN EUROPEBRITAIN, FRANCE, AUSTRIA, PRUSSIA &
RUSSIA
• IN 1871- BRITAIN & GERMANY (PRUSSIA)
CLEARLY MOST POWERFUL MILITRILY &
ECONOMICALLY
• AUSTRIA & RUSSIA WERE FAR BEHIND
• FRANCE STRUGGLED SOMEWHERE IN THE
MIDDLE