Transcript Emergence of Modern Europe

Emergence of Modern
Europe
Nationalism and Imperialism
in the Nineteenth Century
Overview of Major Topics
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Congress of Vienna (1814 – 1815)
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Modern Political and Cultural Ideologies
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Mid-Century Revolutionary Movements
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Realpolitik – The State Triumphant
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Western Imperialism
Congress of Vienna
Congress of Vienna
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Historical Context
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Objectives
• Balance of Power
• Avoid Future Wars
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Methods
• Restoration of Monarchy
• Distribution of Land
• Congress System
Prince Clemons von
Metternich - Leader
Prince Clemons von Metternich
Approach to Balance of Power
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France
Restoration of Bourbon
Dynasty Territorial
Boundaries of 1792
No War Reparations
Great Powers
•Russia, Prussia, Austria and
Great Britain
•Added Territory as compensation
•Within Europe
•Colonies
Congress System
Meet to Settle Disputes
Important Decisions
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France was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoleon
The Dutch Republic was united with the Austrian Netherlands to form
a single kingdom of the Netherlands under the House of Orange.
Norway and Sweden were joined under a single ruler
Switzerland was declared neutral
Russia got Finland and effective control over the new kingdom of
Poland
Prussia was given much of Saxony and important parts of Westphalia
and the Rhine Province.
Austria was given back most of the territory it had lost and was also
given land in Germany and Italy (Lombardia and Venice)
Britain got several strategic colonial territories, and they also gained
control of the seas.
France was restored under the rule of Louis XVIII.
Spain was restored under Ferdinand VII
Europe
in 1815
Significance of Congress of Vienna
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Conservative Response to Revolutions
No Major Wars until 1914
Established Foundation for Strong Central
State
Modern Ideologies
Liberalism
• Twin Concepts
• Equality & Liberty
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Economic
Liberalism: Laissez
Faire
• Two Thinkers
• Mill – Limits of
Personal Liberty
• Bentham – Greatest
Good for Greatest
Number
Socialism
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French Utopian
Socialism - Economic
Planning by State
(National
Government)
• Rights of Workers
• Restrict Ownership of
Private Property
• Social Justice – Housing
& Needs of Poor
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Marxism Socialism
• Structure of Historical
Determinism
• Revolution, Not
Planning
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
“What is Property?”
Nationalism
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Defining Principle –
• Peoples had own genius and cultural unity
• Common language, History, Territory
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Political Basis: Liberalism
• Extension of Universal Manhood Suffrage: Government of the People
• People Shared Common Interests
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Advanced in 19th Century by
• Industrialization & Urbanization – Critical Mass of People
• Education
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“Imagined Communities” Emotionally Charged Symbols &
Ceremonies
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Ambiguous
• Liberal & Democratic
• Ideas of National & Cultural Superiority
Romanticism
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Revolt Against
Enlightenment
Advocated Feeling,
Freedom, Natural
Goodness
Expressed in Art,
Music, Literature
Infused into Political
Ideals of Democratic
Revolutions …
Mid Century Revolutionary
Movements (1830, 1848)
Revolutions of 1830 & 1848
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Causes
Liberal & Radical Response to
Conservative Forces of
Restoration
Economic Depression –
Impact of Industrialization
Display of Liberalism,
Socialism, Nationalism and
Romanticism
Forces Based on Liberalism,
Nationalism and Socialism
Coalitions of “Have – Nots” –
Middle Class Merchants and
Working Class Artisans and
Workers
Limited to No Gains
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Impact
National Movements
throughout Most of European
Nations
• Revolutionaries of “Have –
Not’s”
• Middle Class Merchants
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Working Class Artisans and
Skilled/Unskilled Workers
• Consequences
• No Immediate Gains –
Coalitions Did Not Work
• Signaled to “State” a Need to
Meet Demands of
Revolutionaries
• Surge of Nationalism
Revolutions in Europe 1830, 1848
Examples of Change in Great
Britain
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Examples of Change
– Great Britain
Context: Corn Laws of 1815
• Provisions – Gave “Voice” to the People:
• House of Commons – The Legislative Body
• Redistribution of Representation to Urban, Industrialized Areas
• Increased Suffrage by 50% - Extended to Middle Class &
Farmers
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Regulated Working Conditions for Workers
• Impact on Great Britain – Escaped Revolution in 1848
Examples of Change
– Austrian Empire - Nationalism
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Principle: Nationalism
• Peoples had own genius
and cultural unity
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1815
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1848
Common language, History,
Territory
Peoples of Hungary
Demanded National
Autonomy, Full Civil Liberties,
Universal Suffrage
Problem: Could Not Gain
Unity Among Other Ethnic
Groups in Eastern Section of
Austrian Empire
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Partial Sharing of Political
Rule
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Foreshadows Balkan Wars &
World War I
Age of Nationalism – Realpolitik
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The Making of an Emperor
Characteristics of Nationalism
(1850 – 1914)
• Realpolitik • No Longer Lofty Vision Based on Liberalism
• Hard-Headed Realism Based on Economic, Political, and
Military Power
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The State is Above All
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Conservative Response to Passions of Liberalism &
Socialism
• Many Masks
• Liberal and Democratic – United States
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Flourish in Dictatorial States – Conservative, Fascists,
Communist
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Relationship Between Leader and People – By Passes
Congressional Representation
Model – France
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Authoritarian Nationalism of
Louis Napoleon III (1848 –
1871)
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Elected by Universal Manhood
Suffrage
Restricted Rights of Assembly
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Hereditary Emperor
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• Leader Served the People
• Managed Economy
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Workers Rights
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Actions Defused Impact of
Socialists & Liberals
Model of Realpolitik:
Unification of Germany
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Series of
Small States
Prussia –
Most
Dominate
German
Confederatio
n – 1830
Industrializa
tion & Trade
- Zollverin
Prussia – Unify Germany
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Agenda:
Unify German States with
Prussia as Leader
Decrease Power of Austria
in Trade and Influence
• Increase Power of Military
• Double Size of Army
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Higher Taxes for Defense
• Liberal Parliament
• More Control
• Rejected Increase in
Military
Solution: Count Otto von Bismarck
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Most Important Figure
in German History
Between Luther &
Hitler
Master of Realpolitik
Pragmatic: “one must
always have two irons
in the fire..”
Tough: “The great
questions of the day
will .. be decided .. by
blood & iron…”
Actions – A Call To Arms…
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Continued to
Collect Taxes and
Reorganize Army
Used War –
“Outside Threat” –
To Gain Support of
Prussian People
Two Targets:
Provoked Austria &
France to Declare
War
Austro-Prussian War (1866)
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Austro-Prussian
War (1866)
“Reason” –
Scheleswig –
Holstein
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Objectives
Shock & Awe
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Consequences
Disbanded
German
Confederation
Replaced by
North German
Confederation &
Alliance with
Southern
German States
Shifted Political
Control Away
from Parliament
Reduce Power of
Austria
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Franco Prussian War (1870 -1871)
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To Unify Germany –
Southern German
States
Outside “Threat” –
France
France Declared War
on Prussia to “Teach
it a Lesson”
Decisive Victory by
Unified Northern
German
Confederation
(Prussia) and
Southern German
States
Creation of German
Empire
Creation of the German Empire
The
Spoils
of
Victory
• Terms of the
Peace: Harsh
• Pay 5 billion francs
• Cede Alsace –
Lorraine
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Humiliated France
• Creation of
German Empire
• In this painting,
King William I and
his Chancellor
Otto von Bismarck
celebrate the
creation of the
German Empire
• Hall of Mirrors, the
Palace of Versailles