Transcript Chapter 23: The emrgence of Industrial society In the west

Chapter 23: The Emergence of
Industrial Society in the West
Age of Revolution (1770’s to
1848) #1
 Three
forces were working to
shatter Europe’s relative calm by
the mid-18th century:
 Cultural forces
 Economic forces
 Social forces
Cultural forces
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Enlightenment thinkers
had called for full religious
freedom, an end to
aristocratic privileges, and
widespread popular voice
in government.
Thinkers like Rousseau
called for government
based on general will
(democracy), and Voltaire
called for the separation of
the powerful church from
the state, thereby giving
more power to the people.
Economic Changes
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There was a call for
an end to aristocratic
privileges (taxes) as
industry grew.
Business owners
viewed themselves as
the “new” aristocracy,
because they
provided more wealth
than the landowners.
This helped fuel
revolutionary ideas.
France’s Parliamentary Representation
Social Changes
Western Europe experienced a huge
population jump after 1730 known as the
population revolution.
 Several factors contributed to this boom
including improved nutrition from the
potato and reduced child mortality rates.
 This growing population joined the
working classes of Europe and placed
economic pressure on nations, sparking
popular protests and calls for change.
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Social Changes cont’d
 This
population
had dramatic
impacts.
 The growing
number of
middle and
lower class led
to demands for
change.
More Revolutions
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To go along with
population and industrial
revolutions of the time
period, you had revolutions
fought for freedom and
rights in America and
France.
Both were largely
influenced by
Enlightenment ideas and
ended up with significant
and parallel documents
stating their rights.
(Declaration of
Independence and
Declaration of the Rights
of Man and Citizen)
Both Revolutions were fought to end
monarchial oppression.
Louis XVI of France
King George III of Britain
The Guillotine
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The guillotine was
originally created by
a French physician
as a more humane
form of execution.
It came to symbolize
the terror and
bloodshed of
France’s revolution.
Key Figures of the French Revolution
Maximilien Robespierre
(Reign of Terror)
Napoleon Bonaparte
(Emperor)
Nationalism in France #3
“Can you hear the people sing?”
In France, an
unprecedented growth
in national pride,
a.k.a. nationalism,
began to take place
during the revolution.
 People felt enormous
pride in helping create
a “new” France that
represented a majority
of its citizens.
 This loyalty
overshadowed church
or regional pride.
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Nationalism Elsewhere (#4)
Napoleon’s campaigns
spread nationalistic and
revolutionary ideas
outside of France to
other European nations.
 As his armies
conquered other
European lands, the
populations of those
regions saw the need to
unify their efforts behind
a common cause and
culture.
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Prussian Flag
Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815)
Congress of Vienna #5
After Napoleon’s defeat, a meeting of
European powers was called.
 They met to establish a peace settlement
that would make further revolutions in
Europe impossible.
 They made several key changes including:

 1) Surrounding France with strong powers to
prevent their growth.
 2) Also restored many European monarchs to
the throne.
Political Classes Emerge #6 & 7

As a result of the Congress of Vienna,
several new political classes emerged.
 A) Conservatives: They were against
revolutionary goals and favored little to no
change whatsoever.
 B) Liberals: Touted some important changes
like freedoms (religion, press, and
assembly), economic and social changes.
 C) Radicals: Wanted widespread changes
such as democracy or socialism (both
radical at that time)
Left-wing or right-wing??
Industrialization begins
Simultaneous to all of these political
changes in the late 1700s was a wave of
new inventions that dramatically shaped
western society.
 Initially, these mechanized inventions were
meant to only increase production of
manufatured goods, which they did
tremendously.
 However, with human labor being replaced
by machines, there were impacts on wages
along with political representation, family
life, and entertainment.
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Industrial changes and
government services #8
Transportation improved as railroads
and canals improved infrastructure.
Industry and urban growth skyrocketed.
 For the first time in human history, more
people lived in cities than rural areas.
 Governments provided more services
for their citizens such as sanitation
departments (Louis Pastuer), parks,
museums, housing, and police forces.

Science leads to reform
Louis Pasteur and the
germ theory
New York Sanitation
Department
Industrial Revolution #9
By the 1830’s, industrialization had spread
throughout Europe (and America) and
added to social pressures.
 It led to discontent among factory workers
over wages, hours, and work conditions.
 Corporations arose encouraging more and
more stockholders to invest large amounts
of money in the company.
 These stockholders demanded profit at all
costs.
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Industrialization and Capitalism
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The growth of businesses and jobs as a result of
industrialization was staggering.
Economies grew at an unprecedented rate and
factories began popping up in all the major cities of
Europe.
Governments usually took a “hands-off” approach to
regulating businesses.
This capatilist approach meant more revenue for
business owners and more taxes for the
government.
This is another reason why worker’s had few rights.
Government and businesses were on the same team
and workers were usually neglected.
Labor Unions #9
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Since profit was the
primary goal during
the early years of
industry, worker’s
rights were
frequently
neglected.
Labor unions began
to emerge fighting
for improve
conditions and
higher pay.
Opponents of capitalism (#12)
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Naturally, the stress and
demand placed on workers
combined with the
overbearing drive of owners
and stockholders led to
problems.
Many began to speak out
against the evils of
industrialization and the
capitalist system it thrived on.
Chief among those individuals
was German economist, Karl
Marx.
Karl Marx
Marxism #12
Marx believed that human history was
shaped by who controlled resources and
means of production.
 Those who held the economic and
political power within society used it to
take advantage of those without wealthproducing property (the proletariat).
 Therefore, Marx organized society into
two classes: 1) the “haves” 2) the “havenots”
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Marxism #12
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Marx believed that these classes would always
struggle against one another and that when the
proletariat grew large enough or bold enough, they
would rise up against the upper classes.
After overthrowing the elite classes, the proletariat
would create a society where everyone labored
equally and wealth was shared evenly.
As a result, classes would disappear and a utopian
community emerged.
All of these beliefs were compiled in the
revolutionary work, The Communist Manifesto,
written by Marx and Friedrich Engels.
Marxism Cont’d
Industrialization in Europe (1850)
Prussian growth through industry
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As industrialization spread into the European
continent, no region was more affected than
Prussia.
Like Britain, Prussia (the largest of several
German states) had large reserves of coal and
iron along with numerous rivers for power sources.
In 1818, the Prussian Tariff was passed. It
removed trade barriers and taxes between
German states and encouraged greater domestic
exchange and infrastructure growth.
As a result, Prussia (soon to be the unified nation
of Germany) surpassed Britain as the most
industrialized nation in Europe.
Prussia under Bismark (#10)
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While Prussia industrialized at a rapid pace, a new leader
emerged in the person of Otto von Bismark.
Bismarck was a prime example of a nationalistic ruler who
used industrial growth to strengthen Prussia economically
and militarily.
He was a skilled politician who understood the changing
tides of society. He saw the growing power of the middle
and lower classes and catered to their interests to win
popular support.
For example, he extended voting rights to all men and
allowed far more rights for the Prussian press.
He promoted mass education and ironically, granted
religious freedom and business opportunities to Jews.
All of these changes were geared toward unifying
Prussians under an intense German identity and
nationalistic sentiment.
Bismark, The Blood and Iron
Chancellor (#10)
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Most of all, he saw military
success as a vital means of
creating national pride.
He was known as the “blood and
iron” chancellor for his
commitment to warfare and
industrial growth.
During his reign, he waged war
on Denmark, Austria, and France
to increase Prussian territory and
in 1871 all Prussian provinces
were unified into the new nation
of Germany.
Bismarck is the creator of a
political style of rule known as
realpolitik (German for “realistic”
or “practical” politics), where a
country’s decisions are based on
its current situation and needs
rather than what is morally or
ideologically right or wrong.
European Alliances (#15)
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Military aggression and nationalism fed into the rivalry
between key European nation-states.
Nationalism had been building since the late 1700’s. The
aggression of France in the Napoleonic Wars and
Germany under Bismark led to military build-up
throughout the continent.
To protect from this nationalistic and military fervor,
nations began forming alliances for mutual protection.
By 1904, two major alliances had been formed, but the
buildup of these systems began much earlier in the
1800’s.
European nations thought that if they allied with one
another, no one would want to fight. BIG MISTAKE!
The nationalism, militarism, and alliance systems proved
to be a perfect recipe for the outbreak of war.
Alliances begin to form
The military aggression of France and Prussia helped
create these arrangements.
 In 1871, Prussia invaded France in what was known as
the Franco-Prussian War. Prussia took the key eastern
French region of Alsace-Lorraine.
 Once the war ended, Germany wanted protection in case
the French sought revenge. So, they created an alliance
in 1882 with Austria-Hungary (who had longstanding
tensions with the French) and Italy (who were angry that
France interfered in their attempts to expand into North
Africa).
 France wanted to ensure that Germany would not attack
again so they allied with Russia to surround the new
German nation. Britain joined in 1904 due to their growing
fear of German industrial and naval might. The Triple
Entente was complete.

European Alliances (#15)
 Triple
Entente
(Britain, France,
Russia)
 Triple Alliance
(Germany,
Austria-Hungary,
Italy)
Balkan nationalism (#16)
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As the Ottoman Empire
weakened, small Balkan nations
won their independence.
With the Ottomans fading,
European powers like AustriaHungary and Russia looked to
control more of the Balkan
population.
The problem with this was that
these Balkan nations were
fiercely hostile toward outside
interference due to competing
territorial claims, religious
differences, and ethnic diversity.
The situation was so volatile that
the Balkans came to be known as
“the powder keg of Europe”.
Increased Government Functions
#11
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In the 1800’s, governments began to expand and
take on new functions and roles in order to appeal to
a growing voting block of citizens.
Western governments began instituting civil service
exams to ensure competency amongst government
officials. (Only about a 1,000 years behind China).
Compulsory education was created in most western
states, in some cases all the way through high
school. Schools increased literacy and also taught
nationalistic superiority.
Civil service agencies like fire departments, police
departments, housing departments, and sanitation
departments were created as well.
Feminist Movements #13
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Other powerful movements
of the time period were in
the area of female rights.
The main reason for this
growing appeal was the
economic role women
played through
industrialization. Because
they were vital to their
country’s economic
success, they believed
they should be rewarded
for their work.
Women fought for equal
job opportunities, higher
education, and the right to
vote.
The Emergence of Mass Leisure
Culture (p.527) #14