Transcript Mid 19th c European nationalism

By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer
Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
A new movement emerges
• Nationalism: the belief that a
person’s greatest loyalty should not
be to a king or an empire but to a
nation of people who share a
common culture and history.
• When a nation has its own
independent government it becomes
a nation-state.
Discuss:
• What components are
needed to form a nation?
• What complications could
arise with this movement
of nationalism?
Nationalism
Pros:
• People within a nation
come together for the
common good
• Overthrow colonial
rulers
• Leads to democratic
nations
• Competition amongst
nations spurs
advancements
Cons:
• Forced assimilation of
minority groups
• Ethnic cleaning ex:
– Bosnia and
Herzegovina in the
1990s
• The rise of extreme
nationalism: Nazism
• Competition between
nations leads to war
Assignment:
• Individually:
– Fill out the chart focusing on what makes the
United States a nation.
• In groups of 2-3:
– Form your own nation!
– You must have the following:
•
•
•
•
•
Name of your nation
Language
Territory or land area
Government
Create a Flag
- Religion
- Culture
- Economy
- Two other areas of choice
Map:
Europe
1815
Using the pages in your text: A26, A32, A44, 240, 260, and 263
please make sure you label & color the following areas [33
total]:
Portugal
Spain
Ireland
Wales
England
Scotland
Netherlands
East Prussia
West Prussia
Hungary
Mediterranean Sea
Corsica
Sardinia
Africa
Arabia
France
Bavaria
Austria
Hanover
Westphalia
Atlantic Ocean
Russia
Ottoman Empire
Switzerland
Tuscany
Persian empire
Kingdom of two
Sicilies
Papal States
Piedmont
Black Sea
Red Sea
Caspian Sea
Persian Gulf
Nationalists Challenge the
System
• The Ottoman
empire had
controlled most of
the Balkan area.
• The Greeks were
the first to use their
nationalist spirit to
gain independence
in 1830 with the
help of the rest of
the world.
The Balkans
The Crimean War [1854-1856]
Russia
[claimed
protectorship over
the Orthodox
Christians in the
Ottoman Empire]
Ottoman Empire
Great Britain
France
Italian states of
Piedmont-Sardinia
• Russia was trying to expand into the weakening
Ottoman Empire which upset the European powers.
• It showed the Russian empires weakness against the
Industrial powers of Europe.
• This led Russia to reevaluate its weakening agrarian
economy and social order
The Crimean War [1854-1856]
The Charge of the Light Brigade:
The Battle of Balaklava [1854]
A romanticized poem of the
battle
by Alfred Lord Tennyson
Half a league, half a
league,
Half a league onward,
All in the valley of Death
Rode the six hundred.
"Forward, the Light
Brigade!
"Charge for the guns!" he
said:
Into the valley of Death
Rode the six hundred…
Reform in Russia
• After the Crimean war, Russia had to
reevaluate its lack of industrialization.
• Serfdom still existed in Russia and was
hurting them economically.
• Tsar Alexander II realized that Russia
needed to be modernized and declared
serfs free in 1861.
• Yet, Russia continued to force its policy of
Russification- forcing Russian culture on all
ethnic groups in the empire.
Russian Imperial Flag
Russian Expansion
A heterogeneous empire
Forced Migration of Russia’s
Jews
Radicals Change France
• Radicals had participated in the failed revolutions of
1848.
• The French revolution had called for democracy and
when King Charles X tried to re-establish an
absolute monarchy in France he was exiled.
• Once Louis-Philippe fell out of favor,
riots broke out in Paris and different
factions formed.
• Louis-Napoleon won president
claimed himself emperor and
industrialized France.
Italian Nationalist Leaders
Count Cavour
[The “Head”]
Giuseppi
Garibaldi
[The “Sword”]
King Victor
Emmanuel II
Giuseppi
Mazzini
[The “Heart”]
Sardinia-Piedmont:
The “Magnet”
Italian unification movement:
Risorgimento [“Resurgence”]
•
Italian nationalists
looked to this state for
leadership.
•
King Emmanuel II
selected Cavour to be
his prime minister.
•
It was Cavour's goal to
unite northern Italy.
Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts”
Unite with Cavour
A Unified Peninsula!
A contemporary
British cartoon,
entitled "Right
Leg in the Boot
at Last," shows
Garibaldi helping
Victor Emmanuel
put on the
Italian boot.
The Kingdom of Italy:
1871
Prussia/Austria Rivalry
Prussia had a
mainly German
population with a
strong sense of
nationalism to unite
Germany.
Plus it had a great
army.
Austria had many
ethnic groups
which kept it from
being unified.
Kaiser Wilhelm I
• Wilhelm took over the
Prussian throne in 1861.
• Parliament refused to give
him money for his reforms
so he selected Junker
(strong conservative
member in Prussia) Otto
von Bismarck to be his
prime minister.
• Together they defied
Parliament.
Chancellor Otto von Bismarck
Realpolitikmeaning the
politics of
reality
The “Iron
Chancellor”
“Blood
&
Iron”
Otto von Bismarck . . . .
The less people know about how sausages
and laws are made, the better they’ll
sleep at night.
Never believe in anything until it has
been officially denied.
The great questions of the day will not
be settled by speeches and majority
decisions—that was the mistake of 18481849—but by blood and iron.
Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans
will provoke the next war.
The
German
Confederation
Prussian
Expansion
Prussia
Step #1:
The Danish War [1864]
• Prussia allied with Austria
to take on the Dutch to
win 2 border provinces.
Austria
Step #2: Austro-Prussian War
[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866
• Bismarck stirred up trouble with Austria over the two
areas they had just won. This provoked Austria to
declare war on Prussia.
• Prussia’s superior army quickly defeated the Austrians.
• The Austrians were forced to give up their land to both
Prussia and Italy.
• Prussia was now able to
unite both E and W
Prussia with the
northern German states.
Step #3:Franco-Prussian War
Bismarck wanted to unite the southern German
states that were still independent with Prussia.
This was difficult seeing that the Catholic
southern states resisted Protestant Prussian
control.
Bismarck decided that he would “rally” a war
with France so the southern states would feel
threatened and would unite with Prussia.
He created the impression that King Wilhelm
insulted the French ambassador causing the
French to declare war.
The Prussians quickly defeated the French
allowing Germany to be united.
Franco-Prussian War
[1870-1871]
German soldiers “abusing”
the French.
Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm
I
[r. 1871–1888]
Prussian Junkers Swear Their
Allegiance to the Kaiser
German
Imperial
Flag
German for “Empire.”
France continues to struggle
• After the Franco-Prussian war, France
went into a series of crises.
• Between 1871-1914, the French
changed government almost yearly.
• The French were finally able to
establish the Third Republic which
would last 60years, but divisions
remained:
– Monarchists
– Clergy
--aristocrats
-- military leaders
Dreyfus Affair and Zionism
• The Dreyfus affair would
send the opposing forces of
France into further divisions.
• There had long been antiSemitism in France but it
was during the affair that it
was at its height.
– Captain Alfred Dreyfus was a
Jewish officer in the French
army accused of spying for
the Germans.
Dreyfus Affair and Zionism
– The court found him guilty on
false evidence and sentenced
him to life.
– Later new evidence showed that
Dreyfus had been framed!!
– The Dreyfus affair exposed the
ugliness of anti-Semitism in
western Europe.
– Yet, in Eastern Europe and
Russia pogroms were often.
– Many Jews longed for a
homeland in Palestine.
– Zionism developed to pursue
this goal.
Differing Nationalities in the
Austrian Empire
Austrian Imperial Flag
Emperor Franz Josef I
[r. 1848-1916]
The Compromise of 1867:
The Dual Monarchy  AustriaHungary
The Hungarian Flag
The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19c
“The Sicker Man of Europe”
A shift in power
• By 1871, Britain and Germany clearly dominated
as the super powers.
• Austria and Russia lagged for behind while
France was somewhere in the middle.
• The balance of power had changed.
Map: Europe 1870
Using the pages in your text: A32 or A38
please make sure you label & color the following areas [31
total]:
Portugal
Wales
Arabia
France
England
Scotland
Netherlands
Belgium
Austria-Hungary Empire
Russia
Atlantic Ocean
Ottoman Empire
Mediterranean Sea
Switzerland
Kingdom of Norway and Sweden
Finland
Greece
Ireland
Serbia
Africa
Romania
Iceland
Black Sea
Corsica
Red Sea
Spain
Italy
Germany
Luxembourg
Denmark