Transcript Nationalism Triumphs in Europe - Fabius

Nationalism Triumphs in
Europe
German Unification
• Step 1: Napoleon Invasions
– Added lands along the Rhine river to France.
– Germans welcomed him initially:
• Freed serfs, abolished laws against Jews.
– Increased German Nationalism.
– Creation of German Confederation led Austria,
created from the Congress of Vienna.
• Step 2: Prussian Leadership
– Created economic union called Zollverein, which
eliminated economic tariffs.
– Offered throne of united German states to King
Frederick William IV of Prussia.
– Stayed undivided, but set stage for leadership.
Otto von Bismarck
• From Prussia’s Junker class
(conservatives), served as a
diplomat to Russia & France,
named chancellor in 1862.
– Thought power was most important,
“End justifies the means.”
– Was not a German nationalist out for
the good of Prussia.
– 1st movement to build the army
“Blood & Iron” – used money that
was intended for other purposes.
• This is an example of a policy called
Realpolitik.
Victory in Three Wars
• Bismarck led Prussia into 3 wars
– Schleswig & Holstein
• Bismarck aligned himself with
Austria in 1864 to “liberate”
these two largely German
provinces from Denmark.
– Austria
• 1866: Austria-Prussian war
lasted 7 weeks. Prussia won,
which eliminated Austrian
control.
Victory in Three Wars
• Franco-Prussian War
– Napoleon III worried about Prussian influence
after they defeated Austria.
– Bismarck used Nationalism to gather troops
together, while Napoleon III hoped military
glory would mask problems at home.
– Using propaganda, Bismarck got Napoleon III
to declare war against Prussia.
– After a few weeks France was forced to
accept a humiliating peace.
The Second Reich
• 1871 – Germans were part of the Second
Reich as William I was named Kaiser,
emperor.
• Bismarck drafted a constitution.
– Bicameral Legislature formed:
• Bundesrat: upper house
• Reichstag: lower house
• The Bundesrat could veto any decisions of the
Reichstag, so real power remained in the hands of
the emperor and chancellor.
William I
• Took title of Kaiser (emperor)
• Leader of 2nd Reich (Holy
Roman Empire was 1st).
• There was a 2 house
legislature, but it was far from a
democracy.
• The real power was in the
hands of the emperor and
chancellor.
William II
• Grandson of William I, became Kaiser
in 1888.
• Asked Bismarck to resign claiming
“There is only one master in the
Reich,” “and that is I.”
• His government provided services
called social welfare, but moved
further away from a democracy.
• Expanded military (especially navy) to
rival Britain & France.
• Partially responsible for tensions
leading up to World War I.
A New Power in Europe
• Symbolism
– French domination of Europe had ended,
Germany was the new power.
• Industrialization
– By the late 1800s, Germany was at or near
the top of industrialized nations.
• Ample resources, disciplined & educated
workforce, rapidly growing population 1891 – 41
million to 1914 – 67 million, decent transportation.
• Became an economic & world power during this
time.
A New Power in Europe
Church
Socialists
• There was a distrust of
Catholics, Germans
wanted to make the
Catholics pledge
allegiance to the state
before the church.
• State supervision of
appointment of priests
and Catholic education.
• The moves backfired as
Bismarck would
eventually have to makeup with the church.
• Rising in Germany, they
wanted improvements for
working class.
• Made laws to repress
Socialists, which again
backfired.
• Bismarck attempted to
woo workers away from
Socialism through
reforms. Reforms were
partially successful, but
socialism continued to
grow.
Italy’s Unification
• Mazzini’s Italy
– Had a secret society that wanted
one free, independent, republican
Italy.
– Helped set up a revolutionary
republic in Rome.
– Wanted unity for the glories of
Rome and it also made economic
sense.
Italy’s Unification
• Movement to independence
– Cavour: Prime Minister who improved
agriculture, transportation, supported free
trade.
– Intrigue with France: Sardinia joined in war
with France & Britain against Russia. States
separated from Austria and joined Sardinia.
– Garibaldi’s Red Shirts: 1000 red shirted
volunteers went to fight for independence.
– Unity at last: first time since the Roman
Empire.
Old Empire’s Downfalls
Austrian Empire
Ottoman Empire
Conservative over
liberals
• Multi-national
Empire
• 1840s began to
industrialize.
•Serbia gained
independence
• Ignored
nationalist ideas.
• 1800s, many
subjects revolted
for independence.
• Austria &
Hungary
compromise:
countries keep
their kings, but
combine
countries.
•Many nations
fought against
Ottomans to gain
lands.
• Became “Balkan
Powder Keg” in
early 1900s.
Russia: Reform & Reaction
• Positives
– Ended Serfdom
• Most being peasants.
– Westernized
– Industrialized
• Negatives
– Serfs sent to factories
to work, but their
masters took much of
their pay so the
economy remained
backward.
– Rigid social structure.
– Landowning nobles
dominated society.
– Middle Class too
small.
Russia: Reform & Reaction
• Alexander I (reign 1801-1825)
– Eased censorship and promoted
education.
– After Congress of Vienna he sided
with the conservatives.
• Nicholas I (reign 1825-1855)
– Used police spies to hunt out critics,
banned liberal books and even
committed liberals to insane asylums.
– Claimed to Alexander II, “I am handing
you command of the country in a poor
state.”
Russia: Reform & Reaction
• Alexander II (reign 1855-1881)
– 1861, Under pressure he freed the serfs,
but they had to buy land, which many
could not afford.
– Set up local government assemblies
called zemstvos, which were responsible
for road repair, schools & agriculture.
– Alexander II moved away from reform
and toward repression and was
assassinated by the “People’s Will” in
March 1881.
Russia: Reform & Reaction
• Alexander III (reign 1881-1894)
– Responded to father’s assassination by:
• Increasing power of secret police.
• Increasing censorship and exiled
critics to Siberia.
• Increased Russification = one language,
one church.
• Targeted Jews and Muslims by limiting number allowed
at universities, involved in professions and forced
restricted area living. Included pogroms, or mob attacks
on Jews.
• Finally began to enter Industrial Age.
Russia: Reform & Reaction
• Nicholas II (reign 1894 -1917)
– Built Trans-Siberian Railway, in an effort to
encourage economic growth.
– Industrialization was applauded by
government officials and business leaders,
but nobles and peasants feared change.
Japan Vs. Russia
• Russo-Japanese War: Was a conflict that grew
out of the rival imperialist ambitions of the
Russian Empire and the Japanese Empire over
Manchuria and Korea.
• Nicholas II called for people to fight for “the
Faith, the Czar, and the Fatherland.”
• Russians suffered one defeat after another,
which unleashed pent-up discontent amongst
the people by years of oppression.
Bloody Sunday
• Marchers petitioned Czar Nicholas II for
more rights for workers.
• Fearing the marchers, the czar fled his
winter palace and called in soldiers.
• As protestors approached the soldiers
opened fire killing or injuring hundreds.
• “The Czar deserted us!” Bloody Sunday
killed people’s faith and trust in the czar.
Revolution of 1905
• What Happened?
– Workers took over the
government in some cities.
– Peasants revolted in the
countryside, demanding
land.
– Nicholas announced
reforms, promising
“freedom of person,
conscience, speech,
assembly and union.”
– Assembled a Duma or
elected national legislature.
• What was the result?
– Won over moderates, while
socialists were left behind.
– 1906, Duma met but was
dissolved when leaders
criticized the government.
– Arrests, pogroms and
executions were carried out
by new prime minister
Peter Stolypin, who tried to
restore order.