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Nationalism in Europe
Section
Section
Section
Section
Section
1: The Unification of Italy
2: The Unification of Germany
3: Opposition to Bismarck
4: Reform and Revolution in Russia
5: Unrest in Austria-Hungary
The Unification of Italy
Objectives:
Describe the events that led to
nationalistic movements for
unification in Italy.
Identify the important leaders in the
fight for the unification of Italy.
Explain the problems Italy faced after
unification.
Liberals and Nationalists in Italy
Risorgimento
Italian word for resurgence
Goals were liberation and unification
• Had to form secret societies
– Carbonari – lead to Young Italy movement
Young Italy movement
Wanted a republic to rule Italy
• Not a Pope or King
Revolts in several Italian states failed
King Victor Emmanuel II supported Liberals
Sardinia, France, and Austria
Cavour’s Sardinia
Reorganized and strengthened army
Established banks, factories, railroads and
improved trade
Cavour believed in separation of church and state
Napoléon III
French emperor
Wanted France to dominate Italian states
Was given a few Italian states to avoid war
(video)
War with Austria
Cavour and Napoléon conspired against Austria
Neither won dominance
Garibaldi and the Thousand
Two Sicilies
Garibaldi and his army invaded and captured
Sicily and Naples
Stopped by Cavour
• As a result Sardinia controlled most of Italian
states
• Garibaldi was highly respected so the King made
him governor of Naples
• Video
Unification and its Problems
Cultural traditions
Blending of different cultures and different
histories into one nation
Tensions between industrialized north
and agricultural south
The Unification of Germany
Objectives:
Explain how Prussia replaced Austria as
the leading German state in Europe.
Identify the ways in which German
unification differed from Italian
unification.
Describe the changes in German
government that occurred as a result of
unification.
Prussia as Leader
Large army
Defeated French at Leipzig and Waterloo
Efficient government
Joined the Quadruple Alliance
Strong economy
German nationalism
Prussia was included in the German
Confederation by the Congress of Vienna
The Zollverein
Junkers were German aristocratic landowners
Complained about tariffs
Zollverein was a customs union
Controlled tariffs
Adopted uniform:
Weights
Measures
Currency
Bismarck and Prussian Strength
William I became King of Prussia
Appointed Otto von Bismarck as head of
Prussian cabinet
• Collected taxes without approval
• Ignored constitution
Wars of Unification
The Danish War
Prussia and Austria declared war on Denmark over new Danish
constitution
• New constitution annexed two independent and mostly German
provinces
• Prussia and Austria won
• Caused conflict between the two because each wanted the provinces
for themselves
The Seven Weeks’ War
Caused by argument over provinces between Prussia and Austria
Prussia was efficient and used modern technology
Ended with Treaty of Prague
• Started the North German Federation
The Franco-Prussian War
Bismarck provoked war with the French and defeated them
1866 - Kingdom of Prussia
1867 - Extensions towards forming the
North German Confederation
1866 - Annexations after the Seven Weeks
War
1871 - More extensions towards forming
the Second German Empire
Formation of the German Empire
Included all German states except Austria
Prussian Berlin became capital
William I declared Emperor
• Named Bismarck chancellor
– Accepted a federal constitution where states kept some
rights
– Called the Emperor the Kaiser
Bundesrat and Reichstag
Made up legislative branch of new government
Prussian king ruled Germany and had most
representatives in legislature
Opposition to Bismarck
Objectives:
Explain the problems Bismarck faced as
chancellor of the German Empire.
Describe how Germany became
industrialized under Bismarck’s
leadership.
Identify the factors that led to the
decline of Bismarck’s power as chancellor.
Problems for the Empire
Political groups opposed Bismarck’s
policies
Tension between Prussia and other
German states
Kulturkampf
Anti-Catholic program
Ended so Bismarck could gain support of
Centre Party
Industrial Development under
Bismarck
Standardized money
and banking laws
Centralized postal
and telegraph
services
Encouraged cartels
A monopoly that
owns all of the
aspects of the
business
Socialism in Germany
Workers wanted decent working
conditions
Social Democratic Party
Most were urban workers
Twelve members of Reichstag
Opposed by Bundesrat
Bismarck’s Antisocialist
Campaign
Assassination attempts on the Emperor
gave Bismarck his opportunity to attack
SDP
Event though he knew they were not
responsible for the attempts
Government-directed social reforms
Did not end socialism
Reduced workers’ grievances
The Resignation of Bismarck
William II
Conservative
Absolute authority of
monarch
Accepted Bismarck’s
resignation
• Felt Bismarck had too
much power
New policies eventually
lead to conflict with
Great Britain
Reform and Revolution in Russia
Objectives:
Explain the geographical and cultural
factors that made Russia different from
the rest of Europe.
Describe the characteristics of Russian
domestic and foreign policies.
Identify the reform movements that
occurred in Russia and their results.
The Russian Empire
Undeveloped resources
Lack of ports
Efforts to win access caused conflicts with
Ottoman Empire
Diversity of population
Russian Domestic and Foreign
Policies
Czar had absolute power
Autocracy
Suppressed freedom of speech and press
“Russification”
Forced non-Russian citizens to adopt Russian
customs
Pan-Slavism
Union of all Slavic peoples under Russian control
Southward expansion led to defeat in the
Crimean War
Lost a great amount of territory in the south
Alexander II and Reforms
Emancipation for the serfs
Moved to cities and became cheap sources
of labor
Alexander II’s other reforms
Provincial and county-level councils
Civil and criminal courts
Limited power of secret police
Expanded education
Reorganized military
Radicals and Government
Reaction
Terrorist attacks
Group called People’s Will
• Used bombings and assassinations by political groups
• Eventually killed Alexander II with a bomb (video)
– Succeeded by Alexander III
Time of repression
Censorship
Control of church and education
Spies and informers
Imprisonment
• Massacred Jew is pogroms
Exile
The Revolution of 1905
“Bloody Sunday”
Czar’s troops shot unarmed strikers
Mutinies in army and navy
Video
October Manifesto
Czar called a meeting of the Duma (congress)
• Promised individual liberties
• Autocracy continued
Failed to overthrow czar
Much of the army remained loyal to Czar
French lent money to government
Revolutionary groups were divided
Unrest in Austria-Hungary
Objectives:
Explain what led to the formation of the
Dual Monarchy and what problems it
faced.
Describe how the decline of the Ottoman
Empire affected European politics.
Discuss how ethnic clashes in southern
Europe set the stage for a showdown
among the major powers.
Results of the Uprisings
Revolts in France started revolts all over
Europe
Austria
Metternich resigned after revolts
Magyars dominated Hungary, which
was a major part of empire
Formation of the Dual Monarchy
Austria-Hungary
Had common ruler: Francis Joseph I
Had ministries for:
• War
• Finance
• Foreign affairs
• Each had own parliament
The Ottoman Empire and the
Balkans
Military defeats decreased territory
Diverse peoples in Balkans desired and
won self-rule
Russia supported Balkan independence
Great Britain supported suppression of
self-rule
The Congress of Berlin and the
Balkan Wars
Treaty of Stefano
Granted independence to several Balkan
territories
Balkan League
Balkan nations who united to declare war
on Ottoman Empire
Balkans won but fought a second war over
division of lands