Transcript Section 4: Expansion of the United States

Industrial and new global age
CHAPTER 22



Britain had led most of the world as the major
industrial power.
Germany, France, and the United States catch
up to Britain due to having more abundance of
supplies of coal and iron.
Germany and the United States become the
leaders of the industrialized powers.



Steel- Henry Bessemer developed process to
purify iron ore to create steel.
Chemicals- Alfred Nobel invented dynamite
Electricity- Michael Faraday’s dynamo=
machine that produced electricity.


Interchangeable parts- identical components
that could be used in place of another.
Assembly line-production method that breaks
down a complex job into a series of smaller
tasks.



Nikolaus Otto- invented the gasoline powered
internal combustion engine.
Gottlieb Daimler- first four wheel automobile
Henry Ford- first to use the assembly line to
make automobiles.




Orville & Wilbur Wright- first to build and fly
an airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
Samuel F.B. Morse- developed the telegraph
Alexander Graham Bell- invented the
telephone
Guglielmo Marconi- invented the radio.



Owners sold stock or shares in their companies
each investor became a small owner of the
company.
Corporations- A business that is owned by
many investors who buy shares of stock.
Cartel- a group of large corporations that
formed and association to fix prices and control
markets.



Germ theory- certain microbes caused
infections and disease.
Anesthesia- used to relieve pain during
surgery.
Florence Nightingale- British nurse introduced
better hygiene in field hospitals and founded
the worlds first nursing school.




Sidewalks- made urban areas more livable
Sewage systems- made cities healthier places to
live.
Skyscrapers- due to crowding multistory
apartment buildings are built. Lack of space for
housing caused building to be built upward.
Slums-small cramped row houses or
tenements in overcrowded neighborhoods.




Mutual Aid Society- Helped injured and sick
workers.
Unions- formed to pressure law makers to pass
laws to regulate working conditions.
Standard of living rises
Women made half of what men made doing
the same work.




Nuclear family lived in a large house or an
apartment house.
Parents strictly supervised children. Children
should be seen not heard
Women spent their time raising children and
taking care of the home.
Cult of domesticity- idealized women and the
home.
CHAPTER 23





His success was due to his strong will.
Realpolitik= realistic politics based on the
needs of the state.
Bismarck was not a German nationalist.
He built a strong army.
Defeated France in the Franco-Prussian War
due to a Prussian victory over Austria. France
and Prussia became bitter rivals.





William I of Prussia took the title of Kaiser or
emperor.
Bismarck drafted a constitution that was set up
with a two-house legislature.
Upper house was appointed by German rulers.
Lower house was elected by the people.
The upper house could veto any decision by
the lower house so all power remained in the
hands of the emperor and his chancellor.




Germany had large amounts of coal and iron
deposits.
Educated work force
Germany built railroads and large factories
Germany issued a single currency and
reorganized the banking system



Bismarck wanted to keep France weak while
building strong relations with Austria and
Russia.
Attacked the church Bismarck did not like
Catholics especially the clergy. He believed
their loyalty was to the Pope not Germany.
He made laws that would make Catholics put
allegiance to the state rather than the church.



Bismarck's moves against the church backfired
and the Catholic party in the lower house
gained power.
Bismarck had to make peace with the church.
Bismarck also had problems with Socialist he
feared Marxists ideas would lead to
revolutions. He feared that socialists ideas of
better pay and working conditions would
undermine the loyalty of German workers.



Russia remained economically undeveloped
even thought Catherine and Peter the Great
tried to westernize Russia.
Land owning nobles rejected any change.
Most of Russia was made up of Serfs=laborers
that are tied to the land and the will of their
masters.



A peaceful march to the czar’s Winter Palace
turned tragic for the czar when troops began
firing on men and women. This became known
as “Bloody Sunday” this destroyed the peoples
faith and trust in the czar.
After Bloody Sunday strikes occurred peasants
revolted.
Nicholas II was forced to take drastic reforms.


October Manifesto=promised freedom of
person, conscience, speech, assembly and
union.
Created the Duma=elected
National
0.0
Legislature no law would go into effect without
approval of the Duma.
Queen Victoria
ruled the British
Empire from 18371901
 The Victorian Age
was a time for
manners hard
work, honesty and
reform


In the 1860s, political parties
changed
 Nobles
and landowners of the Tory
Party joined the new Conservative
Party
 The mostly Middle-class Whig Party
grew into the Liberal Party
 Both Parties wanted Democracy

A Conservative bill extended
suffrage to working class men
 Later,
liberals extended suffrage to
include farmers and most other men

From 1815 to 1914, British reformers
called for change
 New
laws improved working
conditions and allowed trade unions
 They also provided for free elementary
schools reduced harsh punishments for
crimes and ended slavery
 Trade reforms lowered tariffs, or taxes on
imported goods

British women called for the right of
suffrage, or the right vote
 They
held huge rallies and marches
 When these demonstrations failed,
some protesters smashed windows and
burned buildings
 A few went on hunger strikes
 In 1918, Parliament gave the right to vote
for women over 30, in 1928 suffrage was
extended to include women 18 and over

The Dreyfus Affair, along with
antisemitism (or prejudice against
Jewish people), across Europe
worried Jewish leaders
 Some
began to call for a separate state
where Jewish people would have the
rights and freedoms denied to them in
European countries

Summary:
 In
the United States, as in much of the
world, the 1800s were a time of
changing borders, growing industry
and new laws

The United States grew and changed
greatly in the 1800s
 Many
Americans felt it was their right
to settle all the land between the
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
 Settlers moved west, taking lands from the
Native Americans

In 1803, President Jefferson bought
land from France
 His
Louisiana Purchase almost
doubled the size of the Unites States
In 1848, Mexico gave up California
and much of the Southwest
 In 1867, the U.S. bought Alaska from
Russia
 In 1898, it gained Hawaii
 War with Spain in 1898 gave the U.S.
control of Puerto Rico, the
Philippines and Guam


During the 1800s, two movements
brought greater democracy
 Abolitionists
worked to end slavery
 Women who worked in the abolitionist
movement began to organize a women’s
rights movement
 They called for equality under the law, at work
and in schools

By 1860, economic conflicts split the
nation
 The
South relied on farming
 The North was more industrialized
 The regions also disagreed on the issue of
slavery

Southern plantations felt they
needed slave labor
 The
South worried about Presidentelect Abraham Lincoln’s opposition to
the extension of slavery into new
territories

In 1861, southern states seceded, or
separated from the Union
 The
American Civil War began
 The North won the war in 1865, and the
nation was reunited
 It had been the bloodiest war in American
history