Transcript Nationalism Podcast Basic Info



Nationalism was the most powerful
ideal of the late 1700s/ early 1800s.
Increasing numbers of peoples
desired self-government and control
over their own lives.

Inspired by Enlightenment ideals
and by the American and French
Revolutions.

Latin Americans were the first to rise
up against their imperial masters.

Revolutions also erupted within some
European countries 1815-1848.
Latin America
in 1800

People throughout Latin
America inspired by the
Enlightenment ideals
_____________
French Revolution.
and ______

Latin Americans rose up
European /
against the _________
________
colonial powers that
controlled them with the
goal of \winning their
independence
__________.
100,000 ______
slaves revolted in
Saint Dominque (Haiti)
___________________,
a French colony.
Why?
 Whites, a small minority, used
brutal methods of control.
 African slaves outnumbered
whites, yet slaves had no
political power.
 Inspired by enlightened ideas
of liberty and equality

Toussanint L’Ouverture
(too SAN loo vair TOOR)




Ex-slave
Agreed to end revolution if French
ended slavery.
Captured by French and died in
French prison.
Jean-Jacques Dessalines


Victorious general
Won Haiti’s independence.
Toussaint L’Ouverture

16,000 French troops
sent by Napoleon failed
put down rebellion
to ______________.

Ended Napoleon’s plans
to do what?
Expand French empire
in the Americas

St. Dominque became first
Latin American (and first
black colony to free itself
_____)
European control
from _______________.

Became independent state
Haiti
of _________in
1804.
Haiti’s Founding Father
Jean-Jacques Dessalines
 Which groups were European (Spanish)? What was the difference
between those two groups?
 Which group was at the top of the social pyramid and held all the power?
 What was the difference between the Mestizos and the Mulattos?
 Which group was comprised of slaves with monetary value?
 Which group was at the bottom of the social pyramid?
 Which group led most of the revolutions that occurred in Latin America
at this time?
-
Peninsulares
- 23% of population
-Spaniards born in Lat Am
-could NOT hold office but could be
serve as officers in army
Creoles
Mestizos
-8% of population
-mix of Euro/African
less than 1 % of population
-born in Spain
-only people who could
hold high political office
-7% of population
-mix of Euro/Indians
Mulattos
Africans
-
Native Americans (Indians)
•56% of population
•Little $$ value
•Treated the worst of all classes
- 6% of population
-slaves
- $$$ value
Well-educated Creole class led
the fight for independence in
Latin America. Why?
 Wealthy young Creoles traveled to
Europe
________and
were influenced by
Enlightenment
___________________ideas.
mistreated and oppressed
 Felt ___________________
by Spain.
non-Spanish
 Felt no loyalty to a _________
king: Napoleon’s brother, Joseph,
whom Napoleon had placed on the
throne in Spain.
Peninsular
 ______________
War
in Europe gave the Creoles
an opportunity to gain
independence from Spain.
 Gen. Simon Bolivar (wealthy
creole) defeated Spanish army
and won independence for
Venezuela
____________
in 1821.
 Gen. Jose de San Martin
won independence for
Argentina and Chile
____________________.
 Bolivar then defeated Spanish
Peru , winning freedom
in ______
for all Spanish colonies in
America in 1824.
Meeting between Bolivar and San Martin in Ecuador, 1821
1.
Better military leader. His
armies were successful, but
he was unable to achieve
his political goals of uniting
Latin America.
2.
Believed Europe’s problem
was that there were too many
countries and they constantly
fought each other. Hoped to
form a large country linked
to neighboring countries
through system of alliances.
3. A partial success? He
did a lot to help Latin
America achieve
independence from
Spain, but was unable
to achieve his political
goals.
1.
Hoped to liberate Venezuela,
destroy the Spaniards,
protect South Americans,
and reestablish independent
government of Venezuela.
2.
Because the Spanish violated
the political and civil rights
of Venezuelans, broke
treaties and agreements, and
committed criminal acts
against them.
3. Could say that amnesty and
reconciliation for traitors
who atoned for their actions
and cooperated in the cause
of liberation were very fair
in light of what the Spanish
did to the Venezuelans.
Could also say that the policy
of executing Spaniards who
remained neutral was too
harsh of a punishment.

•
priest , Padre Miguel
Village ______
Hidalgo, (mee-GEHL ee-THAHL- goh)
rang his church bells and called
death for all Spaniards!
for __________________.
Raised and army and killed
many Spaniards before being
caught and executed by firing
squad.

Mexico’s revolution was led by
which classes?
Indians and Mestizos


Creoles
Mexico’s __________
joined
the fight later .
independence
Mexico won its ___________
Spain
from _________.in
1821.
Padre Miguel Hidalgo

Creoles demanded independence
Portugal
from _____________
in 1822.

king’s son, Dom Pedro
Petitioned _______________,
to rule them, and after agreeing,
he declared Brazil’s independence.

What was unique about Brazil’s
revolution?
No fighting. Bloodless revolution.
Brazil’s Royal Liberator
Dom Pedro

Destruction caused by the
wars for independence
poorer
left Latin America _____
and _______.
divided

The dream of some for a
_______
united
_________Latin
America
quickly fell apart.
 U.S. warns European
nations to stay out of the
Western Hemisphere.
 U.S. regional influence
grows.
 The U.S. becomes the
dominant power (the
hegemon) throughout
Latin America.

Congress of Vienna succeeded in
between states
preventing wars ________
(interstate conflicts) for the next
half century.

Many revolutions occurred _____
within
states, (intrastate conflicts) however,
between 1815 and 1848.

Liberals
________and
nationalists openly
conservative
revolted against ____________
governments.
Conservatives
Liberals
Radicals
Composed
of:
Wealthy property
owners, nobility
Middle class business
leaders ,merchants.
teachers, and lawyers.
Lower classes of
the cities. Urban
poor.
What did
they want?
To protect the
monarchies
Give more power to
elected parliaments
Extend democracy
to the people – all
the people
Only let landowners
and the educated vote
 Balkans controlled by
Ottoman
Empire (Turks)
_______________.
 Greeks
_____ revolted against
Ottomans in 1821.
 Greeks gained support
around the world and
gained independence with
help from which powers?
British, French, Russians

Combined British,
French, and Russian
fleet destroyed the
Turkish-Egyptian
fleet.

Resulted in treaty
granting complete
independence to
Greece.

By 1830, Europe’s old order,
reestablished at the
Congress of Vienna in
________________
1815, was breaking down.

In a number of countries,
liberal
_________
nationalists
rebelled against _________
conservative
rule.

self
Liberals wanted ___-rule,
_________
republican government,
nation-states
and est. of __________.



Belgians gained
_________
independence from
Dutch control.
Italy
Uprisings in ______
put down by Austria’s
Metternich
PM ____________
Poles
_________revolted
against Russian rule
but their rebellion was
crushed.

Riots against his absolute rule
forced French king, Charles X, to
flee to Great Britain.

Replaced by Louis-Phillippe,
liberal
who supported _________
reforms.

Louis-Phillippe ruled France
until 1848 when he lost the
support of the people and was
forced to abdicate. He was also
exiled to Britain.
Louis-Phillippe
The “Citizen-King”

Ethnic uprisings in the
Austrian Empire:
________
 By Hungarians
 By Czechs

And in Austria itself,
Metternich forced to
_________
resign after angry mobs
clashed with police in
Vienna.
Monarchy (Louis-Philippe)
 ________
overthrown
Second French Republic
 __________________
was established.
 New, moderate constitution
results in elected president.
Louis-Napoleon
Who? _____________
Then what happens?
 1848: Elected president and




Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte
Nephew of Napoleon

established republican govt.
1851: Took over government in
coup d’etat.
1852: Assumed title of emperor.
Reasserted French influence in
Europe and abroad. Aggressive
foreign policy.
1870: Deposed after losing (and
being captured in) the FrancoPrussian War.
Exiled to England where he died
in 1873.
• Which large
empires still
exist?
• Which future
countries
have not yet
unified?
• Predict the
impact of
nationalism
on all these
territories.
UNITY
DISUNITY

Led to creation of
new unified nationstates.

Caused some longestablished empires
to split and crumble.

United and inspired
large masses of
people.

Used by leaders to
whip up support for
war and foreign
conquest.

Three aging empires:
1) Austrian (Hapsburg)
2) Ottoman
3) Russian

All three included many
ethnic groups
different __________.

weakened
Ethnic unrest _______
all three empires.

Empire included Hungarians,
Germans, Czechs, Slovaks,
Croats, Poles, Serbs, Slavs,
Italians.

Weakened by the competing
demands of all these different
ethnic
groups
__________.

In compromise with nonGerman Hungarians,
Emperor Franz Joseph
split Austrian empire in
half in 1866.

“Duel Monarchy” formed
with Austria
______________
and Hungary
becoming separate and
equal states.

Separate constitutions and
separate parliaments.

Same Hapsburg ruler would
be emperor of Austria and
king of Hungary.

Common ministry for finance,
foreign affairs, and war.
Franz Joseph
AustriaHungary
was
permanently
dismantled
after what
event?
World War I

Comprised of Russians,
Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Estonians,
Finns, Jews, Romanians,
Georgians, Latvians,
Armenians, and Turks.

Each had its own culture.

Russian culture
Russification– forcing ______________on
all
nationalist
ethnic groups – strengthened _________feelings.

Rising nationalism caused disunity and weakened
World War I
the empire, which could not survive __________
revolution 1917.
or the communist
______________of

The Ottomans (Turks) controlled
Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians,
and Armenians.

citizenship to all people
Granted ________
under its rule.

conservative Turks
This angered _____________.

Disunity follows… empire broke
apart after _______________.
World War I

Italian city-states unify
and become Kingdom of
Italy in 1871.

Italy formed from the
territory of crumbling
empires.

Political instability and
economic problems kept
Italy a poor country.

Prussia and Austria
______________
were the dominant
members of German
Confederation.

Power struggle
between
Prussia and Austria
for control of
German states.




German population
Mainly _______
---- not divided by different
ethnic groups
____________.
unified
Result: Nationalism _______
Prussia.
army
Most powerful _________in
central Europe.
Junkers
Army controlled by _______
---- conservative and wealthy
landowners who supported
monarchy
a strong ___________.

When liberal Parliament
challenged his authority,
King Wilhelm I appointed
Otto von Bismarck
( a Junker) as Prussia’s
Prime
Minister in 1862.
___________

Bismarck remembered for
his foreign policy driven
realpolitik
by “_________.”
Otto von Bismarck

Tough “power politics.”
Focuses on relations
great powers
between _________.

Stresses importance of
interests over
nation’s _______
it’s _______.
ideals

Means doing whatever
necessary to achieve
is ________
one’s goals, not what is
moral
or right
__________.

Bismarck declared he would rule
parliament
without consent of ________.

First speech:
“The great questions of the day
will not be settled by speeches or
majority decisions -- but by
____________.”
blood and iron

Earns the nickname, the “Iron
Chancellor.”
Bismarck went to war with
what countries to expand
Prussia’s influence and its
control over German
territories?

Denmark in 1864

Austria in 1866

France in 1867
In 1863, the King of
Denmark declared
Schleswig and
Holstein to be a part
of Denmark.
In 1864, Prussia and
Austria teamed up
and declared war on
Denmark. They won
easily.

Resulted from rivalry between
Austria and Prussia to be
German state.
the dominant _______

allies
Each had German _______.

Prussia
Brief war won by ________
Italy
and its ally, ______.

Marks shift in power among
German states away from
Austria and towards _____.
Prussia
______

Ended German
confederation.

New Northern
German
Confederation
established
which excluded
___________
southern
German
states
____ and _____
Austria .

Isolated Austria.

Southern German states were
Catholic and resisted control
________
Protestant
by _________Prussia.

1867: Bismarck incited France
_____to
declare war on Prussia in order
to unite southern German states
behind him.

Outcome of Franco-Prussian War?
Prussia defeated France and all
German states accepted Prussia’s
leadership.
Napoleon III of France, captured by the Prussian army
during the Franco-Prussian War, with Bismarck.

After Prussian victory over
France, King Wilhelm I
kaiser
crowned ______(emperor).

New German empire called
“Second Reich”
the ________________

Bismarck had won Prussian
dominance over Germany
and Europe just as he had
promised to do – through
“blood and iron”
____________.
Annexed
after Seven
Weeks War
of 1866.
States that
agreed to
formation
of a Second
German
Empire
after the
FrancoPrussian
War of
1870-1871.
GREAT POWERS OF
EUROPE
1815*
GREAT POWERS OF
EUROPE
1871
*Five state with relatively
equal power

Great Britain*

Great Britain

France

France

Russia

Russia

Austria - Hungary

Austrian Empire

Germany*

Prussia

Italy
* Most powerful