Transcript Industrialization and Nationalism (1800

Industrialization and
Nationalism
(1800-1870)
Chapter 19
Big Picture ….
• NEW WAYS TO MAKE AND SELL GOODS
• GB 1st then Everywhere
• LEADS TO SOCIAL CHANGES AND URBANIZATION
• HARSH WORKING CONDITIONS LEAD TO PROMOTION OF SOCIALISM
Begins in England in 1780’s because…
Reason #1
Reason #2
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• Great Population
• Parliament passes the Enclosure
Movement
Increase in Food Supply
Farmland expansion
Good weather
Improved transportation
New crops (Potatoes)
All resulted in increase food supply
• Could be fed at lower prices with less labor
Left over income could be used to by manufactured
goods
• Forced many to move to towns
• This created a labor supply for
factories
• Remaining farms were large, and
more efficient
Begins in England in 1780’s because…
Reason #3
Reason #5
• Ready supply of money
• Plentiful natural resources
• Able to invest in new machines
• Entrepreneurs / laissez-faire
market economy
• Supply and demand drove prices
Reason #4
• Supply of Markets
– Big Empire – and means to
get goods anywhere
– Domestic markets increase
• Rivers provided
• Power
• Transportation
• Coal and Iron Ore
Changes in Cotton
Old Process – Cotton Industry
• Two-step process
1.
2.
Spinners made the cotton thread from
raw cotton
Weavers wove the cotton thread into
cloth on looms
• Advancements:
• Flying shuttle: made weaving faster
• Spinning Jenny: Produced thread faster
All made
• Water
power loom: Helped the weaving
production
offaster
cloth to catch up with spinning of
thread
• Steam Engine: (James Watt) Allowed
factories to be located away from rivers
Effects
• Production of cotton increased
• Became the most important
product for Britain
• Sold this everywhere in the world
Coal and Iron Industries
Steam Engine
Iron Ore
• Fuel needed = coal
• Same process of making iron
since Middle Ages
• Puddling: (Henry Cort 1780’s)
• This need expanded the coal
production
• At this time coal seemed to be
unlimited
• Produced a higher quality of iron
• It burned away more impurities to
make it stronger
• Britain began distributing to the
world its iron
• Used to make machines and trains
Industry Continues
Effects of Factories
Railroads Vanderbilt
• Created a new labor force
• Shift(s) introduced to constantly
maintain product
• Owners did not want workers to
stop working
• Important component of the
Industrial Revolution
• Created bad working conditions
• Harsh penalties or firing often
occurred
• Helped move product all over
Britain
George
the Blucher
• Stephenson
Locomotivebuilt
progressed
to help with
speed
haul
Wheels
on and
top of
thecompactly
tracks
• Railroads created more jobs
• Owners profited from easy
transportation – reinvested in their
companies
Spread of Industrialization
Europe
North America
• Industrialization happened at
different times
• Hits in he 1800’s
• First ones:
1.
2.
3.
Belgium
France
German states
• Governments pushed
industrialization in these areas
• Roads, canal, and rivers linked a
new nation
• Steamboats: (Robert Fulton)
• Designs the Clermont
• Railroads: Most important
progression (easier to transport)
• Aim was to get workers
….everyone worked in the family
Social Impacts
Population Growth
Industrial Middle Class
• Population doubles in the mid-1800’s
• Economist: Thomas Malthus
• Rise of commercial capitalism
• Stated: Increase in population causes for
more demanded for food- resulting in
famine, disease, and war
• Famine and poverty strike many cities
• This causes many to migrate to America
Carnegie
• Urbanization – move to the cities
• Biggest city: London
• Caused for dismal living conditions in the
cities
• Economy based on trade
• Industrial capitalism
• Economy based on industrial
production (on the rise)
• The middle class will get bigger
• Include more workers
• The Industrial workers and people
associated with it
HORRIBLE WORKING CONDITIONS
Socialism
Frustration
• Did not like the long hours and
low pay
• Capitalism ideas were thought to
be destructive
• Socialism introduce
• Government owns the basic
business/Non-basic business
owned by private owners
• Ideology: Share-everyone has the
same
Assignment: read and answer the DBQ questions on page 623
Main Ideas
With plentiful natural resources, workers, wealth, and markets, Great
Britain became the starting place of the Industrial Revolution
The pace of industrialization in Europe and the United States depended
on many factors, including government policy
Industrialization urbanized Europe and created a new social classes, as
well as the conditions for the rise of socialism
Reaction and Revolution
19-2
Congress of Vienna
The Plan
• Re-establish the old order
• Goal of the victors
• Victors are the countries that defeated
Napoleon
• Congress of Vienna
• Aim/Purpose:
• Restore nobility to positions of power
• Thought this would ensure peace and
stability to Europe
• Create a balance of power politically
and military forces
Conservatism
A political philosophy
• For:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Based on tradition
Belief in the value of social stability
Favored obedience to political
authority
Religion was key to keep order in
society
• Against:
1.
2.
3.
Revolutions
Individual rights
Representative governments
Congress of Vienna
Concert of Europe
• Meeting between 5 nations
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G. Britain
Russia
France
Prussia
Austria
Helped with the
balancing of power
• Goal: to maintain peace in
Europe
Congress of Vienna
A concept some agree to
Principle of Intervention
Powers had the right to send armies into countries where there were
revolutions in order to restore legitimate monarchs back on the
throne
Forces of Change
Liberalism
Nationalism
Political philosophy
• For:
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Protection of civil liberties
Liberties are guaranteed
Want religious toleration
Separation of Church and State
Representative government
• Against:
• Democracies
• Only men with property can vote
• Feared mob rule, did not want lower
class to share power
• Started when people identified
themselves as a part of a community
defined by:
• Language
• Location
• Customs
Connected by
• The switch from loyalty to king went to
their nation
• Nationalist Idea: each nationality should
have its own government
1st actions
• German states wanted to unite and
Hungarians wanted to separate from Austrian
Empire
• Would upset the balance of power
• Huge threat to conservative leaders
Forces of Change
Revolutionary Outbursts
Conservatism was being taken down
• France: liberals overthrew the monarch
• Established a Constitutional monarchy
• Louis Philippe became this (cousin of
Charles X)
• Three more revolutions break out in
Europe
• All because of Nationalism
• Dutch (successful)
• Poland (not successful)
• Austrian (not successful)
Revolution of 1848
Cause
• Conservatism still dominate
• Liberal and nationalism on the rise
• Spurs on the revolutions
• Financial Troubles in France
• Hurts the lower-middle middle class
most
• This class also was pushing for the right to
vote
• Government ignored their demands
• Overthrow of government came in 1848
• Republicans established a new government
• People that wanted to elect their officials
Provisional Government
• Made a Constitution
• Universal male suffrage
• Set up national workshops (welfare)
for unemployed
• Hurt / fought / government won
• Second Republic
1.
2.
3.
4.
(Constitution ratified)
Government: Republic
One house legislature
Universal Male Suffrage
President
• Louis – Napoleon elected
Trouble in German States
Try for Unification
German
Confederation
• Congress of Vienna recognized 38
independent German states
• Austria and Prussia the two most powerful
• Rulers promise a Constitution
• More liberal reforms
• May 1848: Tried to unify Germany with
these liberal ideas
Frankfurt
Assembly
• Parliamentary government/hereditary
emperor/Limited monarchy/elections for
parliament/universal male suffrage
• Fails: Fredrick William IV refuses the
anointed position of ruler
• Had no means to force other German rulers
to accept this new Constitution
Revolts in Europe
Central Europe
• Austrian Empire
• Considered a multinational state
• A collection of different people
• Demonstrations occurred all over
• Pushed for a liberal constitution
• Hungary received its own legislature
• Czechs would ask for their own as well
• Czech would be destroyed by Austrian
armies in Prague
• All revolutions in Austria destroyed
with assistance from Russia
Italian States
• 1848
• Northern Italy rebelled against the
Austrian Empire
• Italian states wanted unification
• Liberal constitution
All failed, and old order was established
Liberalism and Nationalism would still
continue to influence political events
What would be the order of the isms?
Conservatism
Nationalism
Liberalism
How it is ran now
Cultural Identity
Personal freedoms
Main Ideas
After Napoleon’s defeat, the victors met and redrew the map of Europe
to create a balance of power and to strengthen conservatism
Liberals and nationalists opposed the existing political system and
threatened the conservative regimes
Beginning in France in 1848, the spirit of revolution spread quickly over
Europe, but the uprising were largely suppressed
National Unification and
Nationalism
19-3
Toward National Unification
Breakdown of the Concert
• Crimean War
• Long-term struggle between Russia and
Ottoman Empire
• Fight over Balkan territories
• If Russia gains this:
• Major power on the sea
• Increases trade
• Russia invaded the Turkish Balkan
provinces
• France and Britain declare war on Russia
• Fearful of Russia gains
• Russia lost the war
• Agreed: Moldavia and Walachia be placed
under the control of the great powers
Effects of the War
• Destroyed the Concert of
Europe (#1)
• Russia and Austria enemies now
• Each wanted the Balkan area
• Russia embarrassed from the lost
withdrew from European affairs
for the next 20 years
• Austria now had no friends
• Allows for German and Italian
Unification (#2)
Italian Unification
Austria Control
Outcome
• Controls major part of Italy
• For France’s help
• State of Piedmont (N. Italy)
• Would lead toward unification
• Prime Minister (Cavour) of this state
Needed king’s
• Pushed
for an economic policy to
approval
increase government revenue
• Would help equip and larger army
• Knew army was not strong
enough to beat Austria
• Alliance with France
• Piedmont’s army not strong enough
• Provoked Austria to declare war
(1859)
• Given the states of Nice and Savoy
• Lombardy (once under the
control of Austria)
• Claimed by Piedmont
• This led to other states revolting
and later joining Piedmont
Italian Unification
Southern Revolt
What is Left?
• Led by:
• Venetia (controlled by Austria)
• Giuseppe Garibaldi
• Raised an army of thousands of
volunteers
• Called “Red Shirts”
• His forces played an important
role in uniting Southern Italy
• Sicily – Naples
• Turned over his control to
Piedmont
• Gained control as a result of the
Austro-Prussian War
• Prussia wins, and give Venetia to Italy
• Rome (controlled by Pope, and
protected by French)
• Gained control as a result of the
Franco-Prussian War
• French troops withdrew
• Italians annexed Rome
• Rome would become the capital of
the United Italy
German Unification
Reliance – New Prime Minister
Uniting
• German states relied on Prussia
• North German Confederation
formed
• A strong authoritarian state
• Known for its military strength
• New Prime Minister appointed
• Otto von Bismarck
Very blunt• Known for his “politics of reality”, not
ethics or theory
• Pushed to strengthen the army by
collecting more taxes
• “Germany does not look to Prussia for
her liberalism but to her power”
• Governed Prussia for 4 years without
approval of Parliament
• Southern states (catholic) feared
Protestant Prussia & France
• Signed military alliance with the
North for protection
• Bismarck knows France is
uneasy about a united Germany
(its growing)
• Could hurt French security
German Unification
Dispute over Spanish Throne
A New Power in Europe
• France v. Prussia
• Bismarck and 600 German princes,
nobles, & generals proclaimed a
kaiser
• Dispute over candidacy of a relative
of the Prussian king for the throne of
Spain
• Creates the Franco-Prussian War
• Prussia destroys France
• German alliances stayed true
• Took over Paris and captured
Napoleon III
• France (Paris) finally surrendered
• France had to:
1. Pay $1 billion dollars
2. Give up provinces to Germany
• Emperor of the Second German
Empire
• William I of Prussia
• Achieved German unity
• Authoritarian and militaristic values
worked
• Industrial resources
• Military power
Made Prussia
#1
Nationalism and Reform in Europe
Great Britain
France
• England avoided revolutions with
its dominate liberal perspective
• Restored to a monarchy
1. More male voters
• Most from industrial middle class
2. Economic prosperity contributed
as well (Industrial Rev.)
• Queen Victoria
• Longest reign in English history
• Reflected the British feeling of
national pride
• Victorian Age
• Napoleon III asked the people to restore it to the
empire
• Popular vote said “yes” %97
• Empire was authoritarian
• Controlled government and army
• Legislative Corps gave impression of representative
government
•
Voted in for 6 year terms, but could do nothing
with legislation or budget
• Loss of freedoms where disguised through
economic prosperity
• New jobs created
• Reconstruction of present day Paris
• Benefitted the people and military
• Empire fell after the Franco-Prussian War
Nationalism and Reform in Europe
Austrian Empire
Russia
• Nationalism provoked
independence for so many
• Early 1800’s
• To many ethnic groups amongst the
empire
• Made concession to Hungary
• Compromise of 1867
• Had dual monarchies
• This established separate
governments and identities
• This would upset others nations,
and others would try for the their
own governments
•
Russian used suppression and censorship to avoid revolutions
• Crimean War (1856)
•
Open the eyes to conservatives – falling behind Europe
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Emancipation edict
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Czar Alexander II pushed for reforms
Freed the serfs
Could now own property and marry who they chose
Good land was being withheld by lords
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Many peasant starved
• People became unhappy and wanted more change and faster
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Conservatives thought Alexander II was trying to destroy its
basic institution
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Alexander II was then assassinated by radicals
Son took over, Alexander III
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Returned back to old methods
Nationalism in the United States
Problems in United States
• Issue #1
• Federalist & Republicans
• F: strong national government
• R: State governments
• War of 1812 helped mend the
differences
• Issue #2
• Slavery
• Southern economy based off it
• North started the idea of abolitionism
• This issue pushed the nation into a Civil
War
• Emancipation Proclamation freed all slaves
United States would achieve unity
in 1865
Main Ideas
The rise of nationalism led to the unification of Italy and Germany
While Italy and Germany were being unified, other states in Europe
were also changing
Unified by the War of 1812, the United States later entered a bloody
civil war that lasted from 1861 - 1865