Transcript Industrialization and Nationalism (1800

Industrialization and
Nationalism
(1800-1870)
Chapter 19
Big Picture ….
• NEW WAYS TO MAKE AND SELL GOODS
• GB 1st
• LEADS TO SOCIAL CHANGES AND URBANIZATION
• HARSH WORKING CONDITIONS LEAD TO PROMOTION OF SOCIALISM
Begins in England in 1780’s because…
Reason #1
Reason #2
•
•
•
•
•
• Increase in Food Supply – Bigger
Population
Agrarian Revolution
Farmland expansion
Good weather
Improved transportation
New crops
(Potatoes)
Change
in Agricultural Practices
All resulted in increase food supply
More people could be fed at lower prices with less
labor
Left over income could be used to by manufactured
goods
• Parliament passes the Enclosure
Movement (1700’s)
Migrationfenced
to cities
• Landowners
off common
lands
• Forced many to move to towns
• This created a labor supply for
factories
• Remaining farms were large, and
more efficient w/ increased
product
Begins in England in 1780’s because…
Reason #3
Reason #5
• Ready supply of money
• Plentiful natural resources
• Able to invest in new machines
• Entrepreneurs / laissez-faire
Government stayed out economic affairs
market economy
• Supply and demand drove prices
Reason #4
• Supply of Markets
– Big Empire – and means to
The get
wantgoods
or need
of a product – the demand
anywhere
– Domestic markets increase
• Rivers provided
• Power
• Transportation
Power = more production
• Coal and Iron Ore
Changes in Cotton
Old Process – Cotton Industry
Effects
• Britain
What isahead
your of the game …
this
•observation
Two-stepof
process
• Production of cotton increased
• Became the most important
product for Britain
1.chart?
Spinners made the cotton thread from raw
cotton
Production method known
2. Weavers
wove
the cotton
thread into cloth on
as the
Cottage
Industry
looms
• Advancements and Inefficiencies:
• Flying shuttle: made weaving faster – needed
more cloth (thread) faster
• Spinning Jenny: Produced thread faster
• Produced thread so fast, weavers could not keep up
All made
production
faster
• Water power loom: Helped the weaving of cloth
to catch up with spinning of thread
• Steam Engine: (James Watt) Allowed factories to
be located away from rivers – and engines were
constantly being fueled by coal
• Sold this everywhere in the world
Coal and Iron Industries
Steam Engine
Iron Ore
• Crucial for Britain’s Industrial
Revolution
• Britain had a large deposits of Iron Ore
• Power all engine’s
• The fuel needed = coal
• At this time coal seemed to be
unlimited
• Success of Steam Engine lead to:
• Expansion of coal production (other
companies developed)
• Same process of making iron since Middle
Ages (at this time)
• New Method
• Puddling: (Henry Cort 1780’s)
• Produced a higher quality of iron
• Used coal for heat - It burned away more
impurities (pig iron) to make it stronger
• This sky rocketed the amount of iron produced
from (17,000 tons in 1740) to 3 million tons in
1852)
• Britain began distributing to the world its
iron
• High quality iron was used to make machines
and especially trains
Industry Continues
Effects of New Factories
Railroads Vanderbilt
• Huge element of the I.D.R
• Important component/success of the
Industrial Revolution
• Efficient means of moving goods and
resources developed
• Reason: Created a new labor force
• Factory owners wanted their machines to be
ran constantly
• Shift(s) introduced to constantly maintain
production
• Many of the factory worker came from rural
areas
• Used to time of hectic work – but then a sudden
inactivity period
• Owners did not want workers to stop working
• Disciplined the workers to regular hours and
repetitive tasks
• Harsh penalties or firing often occurred
• Created bad working conditions
• Children whipped or beaten
• Helped move product all over Britain
• First connected to the cotton rich area of
Manchester
•
• Big Effects
Locomotive progressed to help with speed and
haul capacity
• Railroads created more jobs for farm laborers
and peasants
• Less expensive to transports meant – lowered
price goods – creating a lager market
• Owners profited from easy transportation –
reinvested in their companies
Spread of Industrialization
Europe
North America
• Industrialization happened at
Great
different times and speeds
• Hits in the 1800’s
• First ones to industrialize:
• Progression of Urbanization in the 1800’s
Britain
• By 1860’s: 9 cities had populations over 100,000
people
• Only 50 percent of Americans worked on farms
• Roads, canal, and rivers linked a new nation
1. Belgium
• Steamboats: (Robert Fulton)
Richest nation by the mid-nineteenth century
2. France
• Designs the Clermont (paddled-wheel steamboat)
• Railroads: Most
important progression (easier to
Produced
half states
of the world’s coal and manufactured
goods
3. German
transport)
1.
2.
• Governments
pushed
3. Produced
more
cotton
in 1850 than all other
European
• Factory
Needs: countries combined
industrialization in these areas
• Built roads, canals, and iron rails
• Goal -- was to get workers ….everyone worked in
the family
• Majority of workers came from the farm population
migrating to cities
Social Impacts
Population Growth
Industrial Middle Class
• Population doubles in the mid-1800’s
• Rise of commercial capitalism
• Reason: Better fed people - resistant to disease
• Economist: Thomas Malthus (1798)
• Theory: With an increase food supply,
population tends to increase to o fast for the
supply of food to keep up, leading to famine,
disease, and war.
• Famine and poverty strike many cities in
Europe – Irish Potato famine
• Almost 1 million died during the famine
• This causes many to migrate to America
Carnegie
• Economy based on trade
• Industrial capitalism
• Economy based on industrial
production (on the rise)
• The middle class will get bigger
• Include more workers
• The Industrial workers and people
associated with it
• Urbanization occurring – move to the cities
• People searching for work
• Biggest city: London
• Caused for dismal living conditions in the cities
HORRIBLE WORKING CONDITIONS
Social Impacts
Two new social classes formed
Industrial Middle Class
Industrial Working Class
- Composed of middle and upper class
- Composed of businessmen and other
professionals (people that built the
factories, bought the machines,
developed the markets)
- Grew powerful during this revolution
- Had better food and housing, which
led to fewer diseases
- Composed of middle and lower class
- Factory workers
- Average adult worker worked quite
often
- Five to seven days of the week of work
- Housing was not desirable either
- Awful working conditions
- Limited privileges
Socialism
Frustration
• Did not like the long hours and low
pay
• Capitalism ideas were thought to be
destructive to people and family
• Advocates pushed for Socialism:
• Government owns the basic
business/Non-basic business owned by
private owners
All means the same –
Which one makes sense?
• Government control means of production
such as factories and utilities & private
ownership was allowed and thought to
distribute wealth more equitable to
everyone
• Ideology: Share-everyone has the same
Assignment: read and answer the DBQ questions on page 623
Main Ideas
With plentiful natural resources, workers, wealth, and markets, Great
Britain became the starting place of the Industrial Revolution
Create a billboard representing
The pace of industrialization in Europe and the United States depended
urbanization
– pictures,
andgovernment
short phrases
on many
factors, including
policy are ok
Industrialization
urbanizedon
Europe
created
a new social
classes, as
Brief description
theand
back
– must
be colored
well as the conditions for the rise of socialism
Reaction and Revolution
19-2
After Napoleon --• Rulers wanted to try to keep a balance of powers between nations
• Liberal governments was the goal but hard to attain
• This causes for revolutions all over
Congress of Vienna
The Plan
• Goal of the victors (Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria)
• Re-establish the old order
• Victors are the countries that defeated
Napoleon
• Met in Vienna to arrange peace settlement
• Congress of Vienna (1814)
• Klemens von Metternich (most influential leader at Vienna)
• Aim/Purpose:
1.
2.
Restore nobility to positions of power
• Thought this would ensure peace and
stability to Europe
Rearranged the territories in Europe
• Wanted no one country to have all
the power
• Which meant: Balancing of
political and military forces that
guaranteed the freedom of
these great powers
Conservatism
A political philosophy
• For:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Based on tradition
Belief in the value of social stability
Favored obedience to political
authority
Religion was key to keep order in
society
• Against:
1.
2.
3.
Revolutions
Individual rights
Representative governments
Conservatism
For:
• Traditional values and ideas
• Want social stability
• Political Authority
• Religion
----------------------Against:
• Revolutions
• Individual Rights
Congress of Vienna
Concert of Europe
• Multiple meetings
• Discussed: common interest and to
maintain peace in Europe
• Meetings were between 5 nations
•
•
•
•
•
Great Britain
Russia
Goal was to
France
balance the power
Prussia
Austria
• Goal: to maintain peace in Europe
Congress of Vienna
A concept some agree to
Principle of Intervention
Great powers should not interfere in in internal
affairs
of other
states
Powers had the right to send
armies
into
countries where there were
revolutions in order to restore legitimate monarchs back on the
throne
Forces of Change
Liberalism
Nationalism (more powerful than Liberalism)
Political philosophy
• For:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
• Started when people identified
Conservative
worked
themselvesleaders
as a part of
a community
defined by:
From
1815
to 1830 –
Came from
the Enlightenment
to maintain order
Protection of civil liberties
• Language
Liberties are guaranteed
Want religious toleration
Separation of Church and State
Constitutionalism: government ruled by a constitution
Representative government
Right for peaceful opposition of the government
• Location
• Customs
Connected by and created NATIONS
• The switch
Liberalism and Nationalism
startsfrom
to loyalty
worktoinking/region
• Against:
now went to their nation
• Concept became popular during the French
Revolution
• Nationalist Idea:
eachEurope
nationality should
have
Nationalism
finds an alliance with Liberalism
and
will
• Democracies
its own government
1. German states wanted to unite
• Feared mob rule, did not want lower class to share power
1 actions
forever be affected
2. Hungarians wanted to separate from
•
Only men with property can vote
st
Austrian Empire
• Would upset the balance of power
• Huge threat to conservative leaders
Connection:
Create a Venn Diagram
List the individual characteristics
What is the connection of all 3?
Nationalism – is a sense of identifying who you are,
and Liberalism and Conservatism is the ideal of
your government.
-soYou need to identify yourself before you choose
what philosophy
of government you want to follow.
The “Ism”
Forces of Change
Revolutionary Outbursts
Conservatism was being taken down
• France: liberals overthrew the monarch
Charles X
• Established a Constitutional monarchy
• Louis Philippe became the new monarch
(cousin of Charles X)
• Three more revolutions break out in
Europe
• Reason: All because of Nationalism
• Dutch (successful)
• Poland (not successful)
• Austrian (not successful)
Revolution of 1848
Cause
Provisional Government
• Conservatism still dominates Europe
• Liberal and nationalism on the rise
• Spurs on the revolutions
• Another Revolution erupts
• Starts: in France – severe economic
problems
• Lower-middle trying to survive
• Middle class was pushing for the right to vote
• King Louis refused their demands, causing for
revolution
• Overthrow of government came in 1848
• Republicans established a
provisional/temporary government
People that wanted to elect their officials
• Elected
Constituent(Constitution
Assembly ratified)
Seconda Republic
• Elected by: Universal male suffrage
September
1848
• Would create:
a Constitution
•1.Government
set up nationalRepublic
workshops
Type of Government:
for unemployed
2. One
house
• A system
thatlegislature
provided work for the
unemployed
3. President
4 year
termwho
• Due to w/
the amount
of people
registered in a short 3 month span – it
closed Male
(March toSuffrage
June 1848)
4. Universal
• Cause• ofCharles
closing
theNapoleon
workshops
Louis
(Louis –
Napoleon)
Napoleon’s nephew
• 4 days
of bloody– fighting
elected as
President
• Government
forces
crush the workingclass revolt
• Thousands were killed and sent to French
prison camps in Algeria
Trouble in German States
Try for Unification
German
Confederation
• Congress of Vienna recognized 38
independent German states
• Austria and Prussia the two most powerful
• Rulers promise a Constitution
• More liberal reforms
• May 1848: Tried to unify Germany with
these liberal ideas
Frankfurt
Assembly
• Parliamentary government/hereditary
emperor/Limited monarchy/elections for
parliament/universal male suffrage
• Fails: Fredrick William IV of Prussia
refuses the anointed position of ruler
• Had no means to force other German rulers
to accept this new Constitution
• Since he did not accept – no way to enforce
new rules
Revolts in Europe
Central Europe
Austrian Empire - multinational state
A collection of different people
• Revolts occurred all over
• Pushed for a liberal constitution
• Result: Hapsburg Court dismissed Metternich from
his position (foreign minister) – fled to England
• Revolts took off in Vienna and took control of the
capital
• To appease the revolutionaries: Hungary received its
own legislature
•
•
Italian States
Vienna set up 9 states which were divided amongst
the European powers
• 1848
• Northern Italy rebelled against the Austrian Empire
• Wanted:
•
•
Italian states wanted unification
Liberal constitution
All revolts in Italy failed, and the old order was
established
Czechs would ask for their own as well
Czech would be destroyed by Austrian armies in Prague
• All revolutions (in Prague and Vienna) will be
destroyed with assistance from Russia
Revolutions in Austria failed
Liberalism and Nationalism would still continue to
influence political events
What would be the order of the isms?
Conservatism
Nationalism
Liberalism
How it was ran
Cultural Identity
Personal freedoms
Main Ideas
After Napoleon’s defeat, the victors met and redrew the map of Europe
to create a balance of power and to strengthen conservatism
Liberals and nationalists opposed the existing political system and
threatened the conservative regimes
Beginning in France in 1848, the spirit of revolution spread quickly over
Europe, but the uprising were largely suppressed
National Unification and
Nationalism
19-3
What’s Happening
1848 Revolutions had failed
BY 1871, Germany and Italy would be unified
(Was a goal in 1848)
Germany failed b/c Fredrick William IV of Prussia refuses the anointed position of ruler
&
Italy failed b/c Russia assistance
Crimean War helps win this unification
Toward National Unification
Breakdown of the Concert
Effects of the War
• Crimean War Created
• Between:
struggle
OttomanLong-term
Turks declare
war on
between
Russia Russia and Ottoman Empire
• Reason:
over Balkan
territories
• France
andFight
Britain
declare
war
• Ottoman Empire is on the decline,
on Russia
the
following
makes
it easier
to controlyear
• Destroyed the Concert of Europe
(#1)
• Whygains
they did:
• If Russia
this:- Fearful of Russia
•
gains
• Major power on the sea (trade and
Russia lost
the war
militarily)
• Increases
– more money =
• Suffered
heavytrade
losses
more
powerand fought
• Poorly
planned
•• Russia
Turkish
Balkan
By the invaded
Treaty ofthe
Paris,
in 1856:
provinces (Moldavia & Walachia)
• Agreed: Moldavia and Walachia be
placed under the control of the great
powers
1. Russia and Austria (one time allies)
are enemies now
• Each wanted the Balkan area
2. Russia embarrassed from the lost
withdrew from European affairs for
the next 20 years
• Austria now had no friends
• Opened the door to allows for
German and Italian Unification
(#2)
Italian Unification
Italian Unification - Austria Control
Italian Unification - Outcome
• Austria controls majority of Italy
• For France’s help/assistance
• State of Piedmont (N. Italy)
• Would lead toward unification
• Royal House of Savoy controlled
•
•
•
•
Piedmont
Sardinia
Nice
Savoy
• Appointed by the king: Prime Minister
Cavour
• Pushed for an economic policy to increase
government revenue & equip a large army
• Knew army was not strong enough to beat
Austria
• Alliance with France emperor Louis-Napoleon
• Piedmont’s army not strong enough
• Provoked Austria to declare war (1859)
• France gets: Nice and Savoy
• Lombardy (once under the control
of Austria)
• Claimed by Piedmont
• Austria remained in control of
Venetia
• The nationalist ideal spread in Italy
• This led to other states revolt against
their governments (Parma, Modena,
and Tuscany) and later joining
Piedmont
Italian Unification
Italian Unification - Southern Revolt
Italian Unification - What is Left?
• Led by:
• Venetia (controlled by Austria)
• Giuseppe Garibaldi
•
•
Raised an army of thousands of volunteers
Called “Red Shirts” – based from their uniforms
• His forces played an important role in uniting
Southern Italy
• July 1860: Him and his volunteers landed on the Island
of Sicily
• August 1860: Entered Italy’s mainland and went North
• September 1860: Controlled the two Sicilies and
Naples
• Turned over his control to Piedmont
• March 17, 1861 – King Victor Emmanuel II had
control of the new unified state
Gained control as a result of the
Austro-Prussian War
• Prussia wins, and give Venetia to Italy
• Rome (controlled by Pope, and
protected by French)
Gained control as a result of the
Franco-Prussian War
• French troops withdrew
• Italians annexed Rome
• Rome would become the capital of
the United Italy
German Unification
German Unification – Reliance: New
Prime Minister
•••New
Minister
appointed
German
WarPrime
soon
states
camerelied
on Prussia
• Due to the Prussian kings failure to increase
size
of the
army
for• the
its
unification
Defeats
Denmark
w/ help from
• Otto
von
Bismarck
army
• AAustrian
strong
authoritarian
state
• Known for his “politics of reality”, not
 Had
firm control of it people
ethics
or theory
 Known
for its military
strengthto the
• •Ignored
thefriction
legislatures
opposition
Created
with
Austria
and
(militarism)
military reforms
war
followed
inand
June
1866the
• Continued
to push
strengthen
army by collecting more taxes
• Prussians
Austrians
• “Germany defeated
does not look the
to Prussia
for her
liberalism
but
to
her
power”
on July 3, 1866
• For 4 year span (1862-1866) he governed
Prussia without the approval of
parliament
German Unification - Uniting
• North German Confederation
formed
• Southern Prussia (catholic) feared
Protestant Prussia & France
• Signed military alliance with the
North (Protestant Prussia) for
protection against France
• Bismarck knows France is
uneasy about a united Germany
• Reason: Could hurt French
security
German Unification
German Unification - Dispute over
Spanish Throne
• France v. Prussia
• Dispute over candidacy of a relative of
the Prussian king for the throne of Spain
• July 19, 1870: Creates the Franco-Prussian
War
• Prussia destroys France
• German state alliances stayed true to
Prussia
• September 2, 1870: French army and
Napoleon III captured
• January 28, 1871: France (Paris) finally
surrendered
• May 1871: Peace treaty was signed
• France had to:
1. Pay $1 billion dollars (5 billion francs)
2. Give up provinces to Germany (Alsace
and Lorraine)
• This has France burning for revenge
German Unification - A New Power in
Europe
• Before the Franco-Prussian War ended:
• Southern states agreed to enter the North
German Confederation
• January 18, 1871:
• Bismarck and 600 German princes, nobles,
& generals proclaimed a kaiser
• Emperor of the Second German Empire
(First was the medieval Holy Roman Empire)
• William I of Prussia
• Achieved German unity
• Authoritarian and militaristic values worked
• Industrial resources
• Military power
Made Prussia
#1 on the European
continent
Rest of Europe
Nationalism and Reform in Europe
Empire or No Empire?
Great Britain
• England avoided revolutions with its
3
dominate liberal
perspective
1.
Parliament passed a bill for more male
voters
• Most from industrial middle class – new
privilege to a new class
2.
Economic prosperity contributed as
well (Industrial Rev.)
1.
Yes
No
Wages rose – people are happy!!
• Queen Victoria
• Longest reign in English history
• Her reign reflected the British feeling of
national pride at the time
• Known as: The
Victorian Age
97
France
•• Napoleon
III controlled
government
and
Empire
was
authoritarian
FOUR
years
after
his
election
as
limited civil liberties
Napoleon
III controlled
President
•• Loss
of freedoms
where disguised through
1. Armed
forces
economic
prosperity
• A•2.
push
to created
restored to a monarchy
NewPolice
jobs
Constructionwas
of: taken “Empire or
•3. A •plebiscite
Civil
service
• Railroads
no?”
Reconstruction
of
4. •HeHarbors
could only
introduce
legislation
&
•and
Roads
declaresaid
warpresent
• 97%
percent
YES day Paris
• Canals
• Iron production tripled
• December
2, 1852
France has a e
• Legislative
Corps
gave– impression
Reconstruction
- Benefitted
the people and
of• representative
government
new
Emperor
of
France
military
Reason: Voted
forresponse
6 year terms,
by
•• Opposition
arousein
– in
he slowly
liberalized
regime
universalhis
male
suffrage
Could
do nothing
with initiate
• Empire• fell
after
the Franco-Prussian
War
legislation or affect the budget
Nationalism and Reform in Europe
Austrian Empire
Russia
•• Nationalism
provoked
Holding two
states independence
together wasfora
so many
•• Early
1800’s II tried for extra reforms
Alexander
single
monarch
• To many ethnic groups amongst the
Austrian Empire
• Francis
Joseph was both emperor of
Austria and king of Hungary
• Fighting:
• Shared
army
– foreign
• Crushed
thecommon
revolutions
of 1848
and policy
1849
–
and
system
of
finance
• Defeated by the Prussians in 1866
• Result: Made concession to Hungary
• Domestic
affairs – Hungarians had
• Compromise of 1867
become an independent
nation
• Created dual monarchies
•• This
established
separate
governments
This
would
upset
others
nations, and
and identities
others
would try for the their own
• Capitals:
governments
• Hungary – Budapest
• Austria – Vienna
1.
•
2.
3.
Heavily agricultural, and autocratic
Could
notregarded
pleaseasno
one
Czar still
a divine-right
monarch
unlimited
power
•with
People
became
unhappy and wanted
Russian
suppression
and censorship to
moreused
change
and faster
avoid revolutions
Conservatives
thought
Alexander
II
•• Crimean
War (1856)
humiliating
defeat
• Open
the eyes
conservatives
falling behind
was
trying
totodestroy
its–basic
Europe
institution
• Czar Alexander II pushed for reforms
• Result:
Alexander II was then
• Social
Reforms
assassinated
by radicals
• Problem
with serfdom
(#1 problem to the Czar)
• Issued
the
Emancipation
edict
• Son
took
over,
Alexander
III
• Freed the serfs
• Returned
back
old and
methods
• Could now
own to
property
marry who–they
chosereforms
against
• Affect: Good land was being withheld by lords
• Many peasant end up being unhappy and starved
Nationalism in the United States
Problems in United States
• Issue #1: Division of power
• Federalist & Republicans
• F: strong national government
• R: State governments
• War of 1812 helped mend the
differences
• Issue #2: Abolitionism
• Slavery – Seceding states
• Southern economy based off it
• North started the idea of abolitionism
• This issue pushed the nation into a Civil
War
• Emancipation Proclamation freed all slaves
United States would achieve unity
in 1865
Main Ideas
The rise of nationalism led to the unification of Italy and Germany
While Italy and Germany were being unified, other states in Europe
were also changing
Unified by the War of 1812, the United States later entered a bloody
civil war that lasted from 1861 – 1865
Section 4 - Romanticism