Transcript Document

How did the ideology of nationalism
evolve between 1850-1914
What are the different types of
nationalism?
Who were the key individuals in the
development of the nations of Italy
and Germany?
TOUGH MINDED REALISM = Neo
Machiavellian = Social order, Strength of the
STATE
HOW? War and Diplomacy (Power Politics)
Harnessed the forces of Liberalism and
Nationalism
Rejected romanticism and high-minded
ideologies
MODERN NATION STATE
Building, RRoads, Parks – Economic
Metternich Italy “geographic expression”
Political and Geographic Divisions
Austria controlled (Lombardy, Venetia,
Parma, Tuscany, Modena, Naples or Two
Sicilies
Piedmont-Sardinia (Independent)
Papal States (CHURCH)
What type of gov’t?
Nationalism
Resented Austrian subjugation
Unity – Greatness – Grandeur of Rome
Common Language, History, Traditions,
Beliefs, Goals
Patriotic Societies
Leadership Sardinia-Piedmont – Cavour
Real Politik – Politics of Reality, gov’t not
guided by ideology, give up on utopian
dreams of 1848
King Charles Albert
–granted constitution
(r. 1831-1849)
Victor Emmanuel II
(r. 1849-1878)
Camillo Count
Cavour – appointed
Prime Minister
(1810-1861)
Count Cavour
[The “Brain”]
Giuseppi
Garibaldi
[The “Sword”]
King Victor
Emmanuel II
Giuseppi
Mazzini
[The “Heart”]
Failed Attempts (182021,1848)
Crimean War (1853-1856)
Treaty of Plombieres (1858)
Austro-Sardinian War (1859)
Garibali’s Red Shirts (1860)
Austro-Prussian War (1866)
Guiseppe Mazzini (18051872)
Speeches, Writings, Secret
Societies
Carbonari – “charcoal
burners” = goal
Risorgimento “resurgence”
Favored a unified,
democratic Italy
“BRAVE MEN DO NOT
WIN THEIR FREEDOM
UNASSISTED”
Russia
[claimed
protectorship over
the Orthodox
Christians in the
Ottoman Empire]
Ottoman Empire
Great Britain
France
Piedmont-Sardinia
Foreign policy = destabilize the
peaceful diplomacy established by
Congress of Vienna
France vs. Russia – Crimean War
France vs. Austria – Italian
Unification
France vs. Prussia – German
Unification
Real Issues – Russia Expansionism
(warm water port)
British – Mediterranean = their lake
Ottoman Empire – “Sickman of
Europe”
Cavour – Italian Question?
Shattered - Concert of Europe
Changed the Balance of Power –
severed the ties b/w Russia and
Austria
Florence Nightingale
(1820-1910)
Pioneer in the modern
nursing profession
International fame
(r. 1855 – 1881)
Crimean War (1853-56) turning
pt. – backward industrially
Potential rebellion
“better from above, than below”
1861 – Emancipation of the
Serfs
Zemstvos – local elected
councils
Plans Constitution
No Russian or Ottoman naval forces
on the Black Sea.
All the major powers agreed to
respect the political integrity of the
Ottoman Empire.
Who benefited?
Who lost big?
1819-1858
Italian nationalist
revolutionary
Napoleon III chief obstacle
to Italian Independence
Attempted Assassination
“poor Italy, cannot
something be done for her”
Napoleon III
1858
Meeting Cavour – Napoleon
III
Cavour would provoke war
with Austria
France defender against
aggressor Austria
What’s in it for Napoleon
III?
What’s in it for Cavour?
1859
Piedmont mobilized
Austria ordered conscription
Lombardy, Venetia
Many Italians fled to avoid the draft
Austria demanded their return –
Cavour refused
Austria declared War
Napoleon III (France) / Emperor Franz Joseph
(Austria) 1859
France = Nice and Savoy
Piedmont = Lombardy not Venetia
Cavour resigns “hurt patriot”
Uprisings in Modena, Parma, Romagna, and
Tuscany
King Emmanuel II recalls Cavour
Northern Italian states unified EXCEPT Venetia
Unification of Southern Italy
“Red Shirts” 1,150 men
Conquered Sicily and Naples
ruled incompetently by the
Bourbons
Plebiscite Sicily and Naples
joined the Italian Kingdom
Symbolic carriage ride through
Naples – Garibaldi / Victor
Emmanuel II (KING)
Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unites with Cavour
1866
Seven Weeks War, Third
War of Independence
Italy allied w/ Prussia
Seize Venetia from
Austria
Decline in Hapsburg
power
Rise in Prussian
hegemony
Pope Pius IX
1870 defeat of Napoleon III
(Franco-Prussian War)
French troops removed
from Rome
1870 Rome voted for union
with Italy
1866 Venetia added after
the Prussians defeated
Austria (Seven Weeks War)
Papacy hostile prisoner – Vatican (1929)
Liberal Constitutional Monarchy
North conquered South – North Industrial –
South agricultural
Irredenta – “unredeemed” – festered –
Mussolini WWI
Political corruption, economically and
militarily weak
1948-present - 60 different
gov’t
Bi-Cameral Parliamentary
System (Senate, Chamber of
Deputies)
President – Head of State (7
year term) – Giorgio
Napolitano (2006)
Prime Minister – Silvio
Berlusconi (94-95,01-06, 08-11)
OBSTACLES
Northern Germany – Protestant –
Industry
Southern Germany – Roman Catholic
– Agrarian
Fragmented
Opposition by Austria Metternich –
Carlsbad Decrees
Opposition by lesser German States,
France
PROMOTING
Common Nationality – German educators,
poets, writers, historians, philosophers
“Fatherland”
Napoleon’s influence – Nationalism against
him
German Confederation – 38 states
(Congress of Vienna)
Confederation – weak and ineffective
Economic Unity – Zollverein Prussia,
PRE-CURSOR
MIDDLE AGES
Charlemagne (r. 768-814)
Holy Roman Empire (8001806)
Teutonic Knights – Crusades
1226 – Conquered Prussia
(Slavs)
Aristocracy – Warrior Class
Charles V
PRE-CURSOR
HOHENZOLLERNS
Origins – Swabia,
Brandenburg 1417
One of the 7 electors of the
Holy Roman Emperor
1525 Albrect von
Hohenzollern
First German Duke of
Prussia
“PRUSSIA WAS NOT A
COUNTRY WITH A
MILITARY, BUT A
MILITARY WITH A
COUNTRY”
- VOLTAIRE
PRE-CURSOR
HOHENZOLLERN
SUCCESSION
Frederick William “Great
Elector” (1640-1688)
King Frederick I “Soldier
King” (1688-1713)
Frederick William I (17131740)
Frederick II “The Great”
(1740-86)
PRE-CURSOR
Martin Luther
30 Years’ War
Brandenburg strengthened by
France
Parts of Alsace ceded to France
Enlightenment
Immanuel Kant, Bach,
Beethoven
Absolutism
Court Culture, Standing Armies,
Louis XIV
PRE-CURSOR
French Revolution – French Occupation
Napoleon – Confederation of the Rhine
1806
Holy Roman Empire Abolished
Congress of Vienna 1815
German Confederation
Prussia Enlarged
Double Population
Rhine, Westphalia
Valuable Natural Resources
PRE-CURSOR
Frederick William IV (r. 1840-1861)
1848 – Promised a Liberal Constitution
Prussian Constituent Assembly – Berlin
Frankfurt Assembly – liberals – unified
German State
1849 – National Assembly – Constitution
King Frederick William IV – refused
“crown from the gutter” – disband the
Constituent Assembly, created a
conservative Constitution
Zollverein
1834
Customs union =
eliminate tariff barriers
Uniform tariff against
non-members
Most German states
EXCEPT AUSTRIA
Kleindeutsch (small)
vs. Grossdeutsch (big)
The “Iron
Chancellor”
Realpolitik
“Blood
&
Iron”
First Chancellor of Germany
1871-1890 - Realpolitik
Junker, Conservative Monarchal Views
Kulturkampf – anti-Catholic policies
Administrative reform, central bank, common
currency, single code of commercial and civil
law
Social Security – accident, old age, sickness
Master diplomat – alliances, counter-alliances
Otto von Bismarck
“The less people know about how sausages and
laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at
night.”
“I am bored. The great things are done. The
German Reich is made.”
“The great questions of the day will not be
settled by speeches and majority decisions—
that was the mistake of 1848-1849—but by
blood and iron.”
“Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans
will provoke the next war.”
Kaiser Wilhelm I
King of Prussia
(1861-1888)
Hohenzollern
Appointed and
Supported Bismarck’s
policies
1st Emperor of
Germany (1797-1888)
Helmut von Moltke
“The Elder”
1800-1891
Modern Conscription
Lethality of modern
weapons
Rail based mobilization
Intelligence
Blitzkrieg
THE DANISH WAR
1864
Schleswig-Holstein
Question
Controlled by Denmark
German Speaking
inhabitants
Prussian / Austrian
armies invade
Led to the AustroPrussian War
THE AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN WAR
1866
Seven Weeks War
Bismarck provoked a quarrel over
administrative control of SchleswigHolstein
Peace of Prague – Austria withdrew from
German affairs
Prussia conquered and unified the
northern states = North German
Confederation
FRANCO-PRUSSIAN
WAR
1870-71
Bismarck =
Nationalism, Patriotism
to unite North and
South = Common
Enemy
Ems Telegram
“Germany’s Future”
EMS TELEGRAM
1868 revolt in Spain.
Spanish leaders wanted
[a cousin to the Kaiser & a
Catholic], as their new king.
France protested & his name was withdrawn.
The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to
apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold.
Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm
to the French Ambassador to make it seem as
though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.
1870-1871
Paul Hadol
THE TREATY OF FRANKFURT
Jan. 18, 1871
Harsh treatment of France
Germany receives Alsace-Lorraine
(French Speaking) rich in iron, coal
French pay indemnity – 5 billion francs –
occupation of German troops
Wilhelm I crowned German Emperor
Palace of Versailles
Napoleon III abdicates ends Second
Empire – Third Republic
German
Imperial Flag
Kaiser Wilhelm II
(r. 1888-1918)
Last Hohenzollern,
Emperor, Kaiser of
Germany
Overtly Militaristic
Dismissed Otto von
Bismarck 1890
“a place in the sun”
Weltpolitik
“The
dropping
of the
Pilot”
GOVERNMENT
Constitution
President: King of Prussia
Chancellor
Bundesrat – upper house
Reichstag – lower house
Lower house – universal male
suffrage
OUTCOME
German Empire – built on military
victory
France deep seeded revenge
Napoleon III overthrown – Third
Republic
Italy gained Papal States Venetia
Bismarck – passive foreign policy,
banned Socialist party yet enacted social
legislation, long-term alliance with Austria
Austria weakened = Hungarians
GERMANY TODAY
Federal Republic
16 States
Head of Government –
Chancellor – Angela Merkel
(2005) – 4 year term
Christian Democratic Union
Bicameral Legislature
(Bundesrat or Federal
Council – Bundestag or
Federal Assembly)
Austrian Imperial Flag
Hapsburgs 1273-1918
HRE – 1438-1806
HABSBURGS
Anglican – Hapsburg
Duchy of Swabia –
(Switzerland) HRE
10th – 20th centuries
Rulers of Germany, Austria, Spain,
Portugal, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia,
Netherlands, Italy, Mexico, HRE
“Let others wage war, but you, happy
Austria, shall marry”
Emperor Franz Josef I
r. 1848-1916]
The Compromise of 1867:
The Dual Monarchy  AustriaHungary
Nationalism in the
Austrian Empire